三都赋

Poems for the Three Capital Cities of China

左思

Zuo Si

https://www.gushiwen.cn/shiwenv_57d2b021df67.aspx 

This is one of Zuo Si’s masterpieces, a famous Fu (赋) that describes the grandeur of the three major capitals of the time: Luoyang, Chang'an, and Chengdu. This poem brought him great fame but also stirred jealousy among aristocrats. 

　盖诗有六义焉，其二曰赋。杨雄曰：“诗人之赋丽以则。”班固曰：“赋者，古诗之流也。”先王采焉，以观土风。见“绿竹猗猗”，则知卫地淇澳之产；见“在其版屋”，则知秦野西戎之宅。故能居然而辨八方。

In ancient times, poetry was understood to embody six principles, one of which is "fu" (descriptive poetry). Yang Xiong said, "The fu of poets is adorned with discipline," while Ban Gu remarked, "Fu is an extension of ancient poetry." The ancient kings would collect these works to observe the customs of the land. Seeing "The green bamboos sway gracefully" in a poem suggests the produce of Qi'ao in Wei; seeing "In its humble house" reveals the homes of the Western Rong in the Qin wilderness. Thus, the rulers could remain seated and still discern the characteristics of the eight directions.

　　然相如赋上林而引“卢橘夏熟”；杨雄赋甘泉而陈“玉树青葱”，班固赋西都，而叹以出比目；张衡赋西京，而述以游海若。假称珍怪，以为润色，若斯之类，匪啻于兹。考之果木，则生非其壤；校之神物，则出非其所。于辞则易为藻饰，于义则虚而无征。且夫玉卮无当，虽宝非用；侈言无验，虽丽非经。而论者莫不诋讦其研精，作者大氐举为宪章。积习生常，有自来矣。

However, Sima Xiangru, in his "Fu on the Shanglin Park," mentions "citrus fruits ripening in summer," and Yang Xiong, in his "Fu on the Sweet Spring Palace," speaks of "jade-green trees." Ban Gu’s "Fu on the Western Capital" laments the sight of paired fish, while Zhang Heng's "Fu on the Western Metropolis" describes travels with marine deities. These works contain many such imaginary or mythical references, embellishing their writing with exotic wonders. But when we examine the facts, we find that such fruits do not grow in the lands described, and such divine beings do not originate from the places mentioned. In terms of rhetoric, it is easy to embellish, but in terms of meaning, these references are empty and unsubstantiated. A precious cup that serves no practical purpose, though beautiful, is useless; similarly, extravagant words without factual basis, though pleasing, are not enduring truths. Yet critics often praise such works for their detailed composition, and authors generally take them as standards. This accumulation of habits has become a longstanding tradition.

　　余既思摹二京而赋三都，其山川城邑，则稽之地图；其鸟兽草木，则验之方志；风谣歌舞，各附其俗；魁梧长者，莫非其旧。何则？发言为诗者，咏其所志也；升高能赋者，颂其所见也。美物者，贵依其本；赞事者，宜本其实。匪本匪实，览者奚信？且夫任土作贡，虞书所着；辩物居方，周易所慎。聊举其一隅，摄其体统，归诸诂训焉。

I, having aspired to depict the two capitals and compose the "Fu on the Three Capitals," based the descriptions of mountains, rivers, and cities on actual maps, and verified the birds, animals, plants, and trees against local records. Folk songs and dances are aligned with regional customs, and even the imposing figures of elders are true to their historical backgrounds. Why is this so? For those who express themselves through poetry, they sing of what they truly feel; when praising objects, it is essential to stay true to their origin; when extolling events, the facts must be accurate. Without truth or authenticity, how can readers trust the work? Furthermore, the idea of land offering tribute, as recorded in the *Shu Jing* (Book of Documents), and the classification of objects by region, as emphasized in the *Zhou Yi* (Book of Changes), both highlight the importance of fidelity to reality. By capturing even a corner of these traditions, I hope to preserve their integrity and return to the roots of interpretation and instruction.

　　蜀都赋

Fu on the Capital of Shu

　　有西蜀公子者，言于东吴王孙，曰：盖闻天以日月为纲，地以四海为纪。九土星分，万国错跱。崤函有帝皇之宅，河洛为王者之里。吾子岂亦曾闻蜀都之事欤？请为左右扬搉而陈之。

There was a nobleman from Western Shu who spoke to the prince of Eastern Wu, saying: “I have heard that Heaven uses the sun and moon as its guiding threads, while Earth takes the four seas as its markers. The lands are divided among the stars, and the nations are scattered across the world. The Xiaohan Pass is the abode of emperors, and the Yellow River and Luo River are the dwellings of kings. Have you ever heard of the splendor of the capital of Shu? Allow me to elaborate and explain it to you.”

　　夫蜀都者，盖兆基于上世，开国于中古。廓灵关以为门，包玉垒而为宇。带二江之双流，抗峨眉之重阻。水陆所凑，兼六合而交会焉；丰蔚所盛，茂八区而庵蔼焉。

The capital of Shu traces its foundation back to ancient times and established itself as a kingdom in the middle ages. The mystical Lingguan Pass serves as its gate, while the Jade Fortress forms its roof. The twin rivers of the Yangtze and Min embrace the land, and the lofty Emei Mountains provide a formidable natural barrier. Water and land routes converge here, uniting the six directions, and the abundant resources flourish, spreading prosperity across the eight regions.

　　于前则跨蹑犍牂，枕輢交趾。经途所亘，五千余里。山阜相属，含溪怀谷。岗峦纠纷，触石吐云。郁葐蒕以翠微，崛巍巍以峨峨。干青霄而秀出，舒丹气而为霞。龙池瀥瀑濆其隈，漏江伏流溃其阿。汨若汤谷之扬涛，沛若濛汜之涌波。于是乎邛竹缘岭，菌桂临崖。旁挺龙目，侧生荔枝。布绿叶之萋萋，结朱实之离离。迎隆冬而不凋，常晔晔以猗猗。孔翠群翔，犀象竞驰。白雉朝雊，猩猩夜啼。金马骋光而绝景，碧鸡倏忽而曜仪。火井沈荧于幽泉，高爓飞煽于天垂。其间则有虎珀丹青，江珠瑕英。金沙银砾，符采彪炳，晖丽灼烁。

To the south, it extends over Jianwei and Zangke, resting its borders upon Jiaozhi. The roads stretch for over five thousand miles. Mountains and hills are connected, cradling streams and valleys. The ridges intertwine, and clouds emerge from the rocks. Verdant forests of dense foliage rise high, towering and majestic. Their peaks reach the azure skies, shining with natural beauty, while the crimson mists spread like clouds. The pools of dragons and cascading waterfalls adorn its corners, and hidden rivers burst forth from the slopes. Their waves roar like the torrents of Tanggu, and their surging waters resemble the flooding of Mengsi.

Along the ridges grow the tall bamboo of Qiong, and at the cliffs thrive the sacred cinnamon. Nearby, the dragon's-eye tree flourishes, and the lychee trees grow in abundance. Their green leaves spread thickly, and their red fruits hang in clusters. Even in the depths of winter, they remain lush and unfading, always vibrant and flourishing. Brightly colored kingfishers fly in flocks, while rhinoceroses and elephants race through the land. The white pheasants call at dawn, and the orangutans cry out at night. The golden horses gleam in the sunlight, and the jade-green chickens flash brilliantly. The fire wells glow deep within the hidden springs, and their flames rise high, flickering in the skies.

Among these wonders are treasures like amber, cinnabar, pearls from the river, and flawless jade. Gold sands and silver pebbles glisten brightly, their brilliance shining and dazzling. Their radiance fills the land with splendor.

　　于后则却背华容，北指昆仑。缘以剑阁，阻以石门。流汉汤汤，惊浪雷奔。望之天回，即之云昏。水物殊品，鳞介异族。或藏蛟螭，或隐碧玉。嘉鱼出于丙穴，良木攒于褒谷。其树则有木兰梫桂，杞櫹椅桐，椶枒楔枞。楩楠幽蔼于谷底，松柏蓊郁于山峰。擢脩干，竦长条。扇飞云，拂轻霄。羲和假道于峻歧，阳乌回翼乎高标。巢居栖翔，聿兼邓林。穴宅奇兽，窠宿异禽。熊罴咆其阳，雕鹗鴥其阴。猿狖腾希而竞捷，虎豹长啸而永吟。

　　于东则左绵巴中，百濮所充。外负铜梁于宕渠，内函要害于膏腴。其中则有巴菽巴戟，灵寿桃枝。樊以蒩圃，滨以盐池。蟞蛦山栖，鼋龟水处。潜龙蟠于沮泽，应鸣鼓而兴雨。丹沙赩炽出其阪，蜜房郁毓被其阜。山图采而得道，赤斧服而不朽。若乃刚悍生其方，风谣尚其武。奋之则賨旅，玩之则渝舞。锐气剽于中叶，跷容世于乐府。

　　于西则右挟岷山，涌渎发川。陪以白狼，夷歌成章。坰野草昧，林麓黝倏。交让所植，蹲鸱所伏。百药灌丛，寒卉冬馥。异类众伙，于何不育？其中则有青珠黄环，碧砮芒消。或丰绿荑，或蕃丹椒。麋芜布濩于中阿，风连莚蔓于兰皋。红葩紫饰，柯叶渐苞。敷橤葳蕤，落英飘飖。神农是尝，卢跗是料。芳追气邪，味蠲疠痟。

　　其封域之内，则有原隰坟衍，通望弥博。演以潜沬，浸以绵雒。沟洫脉散，疆里绮错。黍稷油油，粳稻莫莫。指渠口以为云门，洒滮池而为陆泽。虽星毕之滂遝，尚未齐其膏液。尔乃邑居隐赈，夹江傍山。栋宇相望，桑梓接连。家有盐泉之井，户有橘柚之园。其园则林檎枇杷，橙柿梬楟。榹桃函列，梅李罗生。百果甲宅，异色同荣。朱樱春熟，素柰夏成。若乃大火流，凉风厉。白露凝，微霜结。紫梨津润，樼栗罅发。蒲陶乱溃，若榴竞裂。甘至自零，芬芬酷烈。其园则有蒟蒻茱萸，瓜畴芋区。甘蔗辛姜，阳蓲阴敷。日往菲薇，月来扶疏。任土所丽，众献而储。其沃瀛则有攒蒋丛蒲，绿菱红莲。杂以蕴藻，糅以苹蘩。总茎柅柅，裛叶蓁蓁。蕡实时味，王公羞焉。其中则有鸿俦鹄侣，䳲鹭鹈鹕。晨凫旦至，候雁衔芦。木落南翔，冰泮北徂。云飞水宿，哢吭清渠。其深则有白鼋命鳖，玄獭上祭。鳣鲔鳟鲂，鮷鳢鲨鲿。差鳞次色，锦质报章。跃涛戏濑，中流相忘。

To the west, the city turns its back to Huarong and points north toward Kunlun. It is bordered by the Jian Pavilion Pass and blocked by the Stone Gate. The Han River flows mightily, with thunderous waves rushing like lightning. From a distance, it seems like the heavens curve, and up close, the clouds are darkened. The waters teem with creatures, and the scales and shells of fish reflect their diverse species. Some creatures, like the jiaolong (dragons), hide in the deep, while precious jade lies concealed beneath the waters. Fine fish emerge from the Bing Cavern, and excellent timber clusters in Bao Valley. The trees here include magnolias, fragrant laurels, qi trees, and paulownias. Palms, tung trees, and firs grow alongside pines and cypresses that thrive in the deep valleys and peaks of the mountains. Their tall trunks rise straight, their long branches stretch out, fanning the clouds and brushing the light sky. The chariots of the sun god Xihe follow their paths over the steep cliffs, and the mythic sun crow circles around the lofty heights. Birds nest and soar through the dense forests, while strange beasts dwell in burrows, and rare birds rest in their roosts. Bears and wild boars roar in the sun, while eagles and falcons scream in the shadows. Monkeys leap swiftly in competition, and tigers and leopards let out long, resounding cries.

To the east lies Zuo Mian and Bazhong, lands filled with the people of the Hundred Pu tribes. Externally, it is protected by Tongliang Mountain in Dangqu, and internally, its fertile lands contain critical strategic points. Among its resources are the Ba legumes and Ba root, along with ling shou peaches and peach branches. The fields are lined with millet, and the shores are bordered by salt pools. Mountain crabs make their homes in the hills, while soft-shelled turtles dwell in the waters. Coiled dragons hide in the marshes, emerging at the sound of drums to bring rain. Bright red cinnabar blazes from the slopes, and the fragrant honeycombs flourish across the hills. The ancient knowledge of mining comes from the mountain charts, while the red axes represent enduring strength. The people here are brave and resolute, holding martial prowess in high regard. When they rise up, they become powerful warriors; when they relax, they enjoy the Ba dances. Their daring spirit peaked in mid-history, while their grace found expression in the musical compositions of their era.

To the west, it is flanked by Mount Min, from which rivers surge and flow. Nearby, the White Wolf tribe sings their folk songs. The wild grasslands are dim and misty, and the forested hills are dark and fleeting. The plants of the area flourish where birds of prey dwell, and medicinal herbs cover the hills, while the winter flowers release their fragrance in the cold. Strange and varied species thrive in these lands—what does not grow here? Among the treasures are green pearls, yellow jade rings, jasper, and fiery gemstones. Green buds sprout in abundance, and red peppers grow prolifically. The lush miwu herb covers the valleys, while the wind blows over the fragrant orchid marshes. Red blossoms with purple hues adorn the landscape, and leaves bud gradually on the branches. Flowers bloom in abundance, their petals falling in graceful showers. Shennong tasted them, and Lu Fu studied them. Their fragrance can dispel evil spirits, and their flavors cure diseases.

Within its boundaries, there are plains, lowlands, and ridges that stretch far and wide. Streams flow through it, nourishing the lands of Mian and Luo. The irrigation channels spread like veins, crisscrossing the fields in intricate patterns. Millet and grains grow lush and full, while rice grows thick and abundant. The mouths of canals are known as the "Cloud Gates," and the water reservoirs are called "Lu Marshes." Even during heavy rains, the rich moisture here exceeds expectations. The towns are hidden and sheltered, nestled between the river and mountains. Houses are seen everywhere, and the villages are connected in a continuous line. Each household has its own salt well, and each family has orchards of oranges and pomelos. In these orchards, there are apples and loquats, oranges, persimmons, and hawthorn trees. Peach trees are planted in rows, and plum and apricot trees grow in clusters. Every household grows various fruits of different colors, all flourishing together. Red cherries ripen in spring, and white pears mature in summer. As the great heat passes and the cool winds rise, white dew condenses, and light frost forms. Purple pears become juicy and ripe, chestnuts crack open, grapes burst forth, and pomegranates split with competition. The fruits fall naturally, releasing their sweet and intense fragrance.

In these orchards grow konjac and dogwood, melon fields and taro patches. Sweet sugarcane and pungent ginger grow side by side, flourishing in both the sun and the shade. As the days pass, ferns and vines grow wild, and as the months go by, the branches stretch out in graceful layers. Each plant thrives in its native soil, offering bountiful harvests. The fertile lands are filled with marsh reeds and clusters of cattails, green water chestnuts, and red lotus flowers. Mixed among them are water plants and fragrant wild herbs. Their stems are strong and thick, and their leaves are dense and lush. The ripe fruits offer exquisite flavors, becoming a delicacy for princes and nobles.

In the midst of all this, there are swans and cranes, egrets and pelicans. Ducks gather in the mornings, and wild geese arrive with reeds in their beaks. When the trees shed their leaves, the birds fly south, and when the ice melts, they migrate back north. The clouds rise as they rest on the waters, and their songs echo clearly through the streams. In the depths, there are white turtles and black otters offering sacrifices. Giant sturgeons, tuna, trout, and carp swim among them. With their vibrant scales and varied colors, they resemble embroidered tapestries. They leap through the waves and play in the rapids, forgetting themselves as they swim through the river.

　　于是乎金城石郭，兼币中区。既丽且崇，实号成都。辟二九之通门，画方轨之广涂。营新宫于爽垲，拟承明而起庐。结阳城之延阁，飞观榭乎云中。开高轩以临山，列绮窗而瞰江。内则议殿爵堂，武义虎威。宣化之闼，崇礼之闱。华阙双邈，重门洞开。金铺交映，玉题相晖。外则轨躅八达，里闬对出。比屋连甍，千庑万室。亦有甲第，当衢向术。坛宇显敞，高门纳驷。庭扣钟磬，堂抚琴瑟，匪葛匪姜，畴能是恤？

　　亚以少城，接乎其西。市廛所会，万商之渊。列隧百重，罗肆巨千。贿货山积，纤丽星繁。都人士女，袨服靓妆。贾贸墆鬻，舛错纵横。异物崛诡，奇于八方。布有橦华，麫有桄榔。邛杖传节于大夏之邑，蒟酱流味于番禺之乡。舆辇杂沓，冠带混并。累毂叠迹，叛衍相倾。喧哗鼎沸，则哤聒宇宙；嚣尘张天，则埃壒曜灵。阛阓之里，伎巧之家。百室离房，机杼相和。贝锦斐成，濯色江波。黄润比筒，籯金所过。侈侈隆富，卓郑埒名。公擅山川，货殖私庭。藏镪巨万，鈲摫兼呈。亦以财雄，翕习边城。三蜀之豪，时来时往。养交都邑，结俦附党。剧谈戏论，扼腕抵掌。出则连骑，归从百两。若其旧俗，终冬始春。吉日良辰，置酒高堂，以御嘉宾。金罍中坐，肴烟四陈。觞以清醥，鲜以紫鳞。羽爵执竞，丝竹乃发。巴姬弹弦，汉女击节。起《西音》于促柱，歌《江上》之飉厉。纡长袖而屡舞，翩跹跹以裔裔。合樽促席，引满相罚。乐饮今夕，一醉累月。

　　若夫王孙之属，郤公之伦。从禽于外，巷无居人。并乘骥子，俱服鱼文。玄黄异校，结驷缤纷。西逾金堤，东越玉津。朔别期晦，匪日匪旬。蹴蹈蒙笼，涉(足葛) 寥廓。鹰犬倏眒，罻罗络幕。毛群陆离，羽族纷泊。翕响挥霍，中网林薄。屠麖麋，翦旄麈。带文蛇，跨雕虎。志未骋，时欲晚。追轻翼，赴绝远。出彭门之阙，驰九折之阪。经三峡之峥嵘，蹑五屼之蹇浐。戟食铁之兽，射噬毒之鹿。皛貙氓于葽草，弹言鸟于森木。拔象齿，戾犀角。鸟铩翮，兽废足。

　　殆而朅来，相与第如滇池，集于江洲。试水客，舣轻舟。娉江婓，与神游。罨翡翠，钓鰋鮋，下高鹄，出潜虬。吹洞箫，发棹讴。感鱘鱼，动阳侯。腾波沸涌，珠贝汜浮。若云汉含星，而光耀洪流。将飨獠者，张帟幕，会平原。酌清酤，割芳鲜。饮御酣，宾旅旋。车马雷骇，轰轰阗阗。若风流雨散，漫乎数百里间。斯盖宅土之所安乐，观听之所踊跃也。焉独三川，为世朝市？

　　若乃卓荦奇谲，倜傥罔已，一经神怪，一纬人理。远则岷山之精，上为井络。天帝运期而会昌，景福肸飨而兴作。碧出苌弘之血，鸟生杜宇之魄。妄变化而非常，羌见伟于畴昔。近则江汉炳灵，世载其英。蔚若相如，皭若君平。王褒韡晔而秀发，杨雄含章而挺生。幽思绚道德，摛藻掞天庭。考四海而为隽。当中叶而擅名。是故游谈者以为誉，造作者以为程也。

　　至乎临谷为塞，因山为障。峻岨塍埒长城，豁险吞若巨防。一人守隘，万夫莫向。公孙跃马而称帝，刘宗下辇而自王。由此言之，天下孰尚？故虽兼诸夏之富有，犹未若兹都之无量也。

Thus, the city is fortified with golden walls and stone barriers, and it lies at the heart of the land. Majestic and towering, it is truly named Chengdu. Its nine gates are wide open, and its roads stretch broad and straight. The new palace is built on a pleasant, elevated site, rivaling the grandeur of the Chengming Palace. The grand pavilions of Yangcheng extend like wings, and the high towers seem to hover in the clouds. Tall windows open to views of the mountains, and ornate windows overlook the river.

Inside, there are deliberation halls and banquet rooms where martial honors and military prowess are celebrated. The halls of culture and ceremony are noble and solemn, with twin towering gates and wide, open entrances. The golden gates shine brightly, and the jade inscriptions glow in the sunlight. Outside, roads extend in all directions, and city streets open out facing one another. Houses with interconnecting rooftops stand in rows, with thousands of courtyards and tens of thousands of rooms. There are also grand mansions located along the main avenues. The spacious courtyards boast wide gates that can admit four-horse carriages. In the courtyards, bells and chimes are struck, and in the halls, zithers and lutes are played. Who, other than those of the highest caliber, could be entrusted with the care of such luxuries?

Next to it lies the lesser city, connected to the west. This is where the market stalls converge, a hub for tens of thousands of merchants. Hundreds of alleys are lined with stores, and there are thousands of large shops. Goods are piled high like mountains, and fine and delicate items are as numerous as stars. The men and women of the city wear colorful and elegant clothing, and merchants conduct their business busily, with wares spread out in all directions. Exotic goods from far-off lands are displayed, stranger than those from any of the eight directions. There is cloth from Tonghua, and flour from the palm trees of Guanglang. Bamboo canes from Qiong transmit messages to the great cities of Daxia, while fermented sauces flow from the lands of Panyu. Carriages and palanquins crowd the streets, while hats and belts mix together in a colorful array. Wheels and tracks overlap, and the roads are constantly bustling with movement. The noise of the marketplace fills the universe like boiling water, while the dust of the crowds rises to the heavens, obscuring the sun. In the heart of the market, craftsmen ply their trade, with hundreds of shops producing goods in harmony. Beautiful brocades are woven, their colors washed in the waters of the river. Yellow silks as smooth as bamboo tubes, and baskets of gold flow from hand to hand. The city's wealth is grand and prosperous, rivaling that of the great cities of Zhu and Zheng. The riches of mountains and rivers are monopolized by the wealthy families, who hoard treasures in their homes. They amass fortunes of countless coins, displaying them in vast arrays. With their wealth, they dominate the borderlands, and the elites of the Three Shu lands come and go as they please, cultivating friendships and forming alliances. They engage in lively discussions, clapping their hands and pounding the tables in laughter. When they go out, they ride in long processions, and when they return, they are followed by hundreds of carriages.

As for their old customs, from late winter to early spring, on auspicious days and at fortunate times, they hold banquets in grand halls to entertain esteemed guests. Golden vessels are placed in the center, and dishes of delicacies emit fragrant smoke. The wine cups are filled with clear brew, and the dishes feature fresh purple-scaled fish. Feathered goblets are raised in competition, and the music of strings and flutes begins to play. Women of Ba pluck the strings, while ladies from Han beat time. They perform the "Western Melody" with quick rhythms and sing "Song of the River" with great vigor. Long sleeves whirl in frequent dances, and their graceful movements continue without pause. They raise their cups, urging each other to drink deeply. They enjoy their wine tonight, planning to remain drunk for months.

The nobles, akin to the likes of Wang Sun and Xie Gong, hunt outside the city, where the streets are empty of people. They ride swift horses, wearing fish-patterned robes. Their carriages and horses are adorned in different colors, and they travel in glittering processions. They cross the Golden Embankment to the west and pass the Jade Crossing to the east. They part at dawn and return at night, their activities not constrained by days or weeks. They ride swiftly across the plains, where eagles and dogs dart after their prey, and nets and traps are set up. The furred beasts are spotted and varied, and the feathered birds are caught in flight. With a single sound, they are caught in the forests and thickets. Deer and elk are slain, and rare beasts like tufted cats and giant wild animals are captured. They carry speckled serpents and ride over wild tigers. Yet their ambitions remain unfulfilled as the day draws late. They chase after swift-winged birds, pursuing their prey to the farthest reaches. Exiting through Peng Gate, they race down the Nine Winding Slopes, passing through the towering cliffs of the Three Gorges and traversing the rugged terrain of the Five Peaks. They hunt beasts that feed on iron and shoot at poisonous deer. They catch bright-furred beasts in the wild grass and shoot rare birds in the dense woods. They pull ivory from elephants and break horns from rhinoceroses. Birds fall from the sky, and beasts are crippled in their tracks.

Exhausted, they return to the banks of Dianchi Lake or gather on the islands in the river. They try their hand at boating, floating in light skiffs. Drifting down the river, they seem to travel with the gods. They cast nets for kingfishers and fish for catfish. They release eagles from the heights and summon dragons from the depths. They play the bamboo flute and sing rowing songs, stirring the giant sturgeon and awakening the river gods. The waves rise in a mighty surge, and pearls and shells float on the surface. The scene is like the Milky Way carrying stars, sparkling and glowing as it flows.

When they prepare to feast, they set up tents on the plains. They pour clear wine and carve fragrant meats. After drinking their fill, the guests and travelers depart. The sound of chariots and horses rumbles like thunder, spreading far and wide. It is like the wind and rain scattering, covering hundreds of miles. This is where the people find joy and leisure, where sights and sounds fill them with delight. Why should the Three Rivers alone be renowned for its markets and gatherings?

As for the land's great talents, they are extraordinary and unmatched, possessing boundless creativity. They weave together the mysterious with the rational, blending the supernatural with human order. From afar, the essence of Mount Min ascends, becoming the constellation of Well in the sky. The Heavenly Emperor aligns the stars to bring prosperity, and auspicious omens arise in response. The blood of Chang Hong emerges as blue jade, and the soul of Du Yu transforms into a bird. Miraculous transformations occur, defying common sense, and such wonders were witnessed in ancient times.

In the present, the spirit of the Jiang and Han rivers shines brightly, and the generations have produced many outstanding figures. Brilliant like Sima Xiangru, pure like Yang Xiong. Wang Bao is radiant and talented, while Yang Xiong is full of integrity and virtue. Their profound thoughts illuminate the way of Dao, and their writings shine in the imperial court. They examine the world and stand out as remarkable individuals. In their time, they gained great fame, admired by speakers and emulated by creators.

Thus, the city is surrounded by natural barriers, with valleys serving as fortresses and mountains as walls. Its steep cliffs form a long defensive line like the Great Wall, and its strategic passes seem to swallow invaders like giant floodgates. One man can defend the pass, and ten thousand cannot breach it. Gongsun Zhan mounted his horse and declared himself emperor, while Liu Bei stepped down from his carriage and crowned himself king. In view of all this, who in the world could compare? Though other lands may be rich, none can rival the boundless greatness of this city.

　　吴都赋

　　东吴王孙冁然而咍曰：夫上图景宿，辨于天文者也。下料物土，析于地理者也。古先帝代，曾览八纮之洪绪。一六合而光宅，翔集遐宇。鸟策篆素，玉牒石记。乌闻梁岷有陟方之馆、行宫之基欤？而吾子言蜀都之富，禺同之有。玮其区域，美其林薮。矜巴汉之阻，则以为袭险之右。徇蹲鸱之沃，则以为世济阳九。龌龊而筭，顾亦曲士之所叹也。旁魄而论都，抑非大人之壮观也。何则？土壤不足以摄生，山川不足以周卫。公孙国之而破，诸葛家之而灭。兹乃丧乱之丘墟，颠覆之轨辙。安可以俪王公而着风烈也？玩其碛砾而不窥玉渊者，未知骊龙之所蟠也。习其獘邑而不睹上邦者，未知英雄之所躔也。

　　子独未闻大吴之巨丽乎？且有吴之开国也，造自太伯，宣于延陵。盖端委之所彰，高节之所兴。建至德以刱洪业，世无得而显称。由克让以立风俗，轻脱躧于千乘。若率土而论都，则非列国之所觖望也。

　　故其经略，上当星纪。拓土画疆，卓荦兼并。包括干越，跨蹑蛮荆。婺女寄其曜，翼轸寓其精。指衡岳以镇野，目龙川而带坰。

　　尔其山泽，则嵬嶷峣屼，巊冥郁岪。溃渱泮汗，滇㴐淼漫。或涌川而开渎，或吞江而纳汉。磈磈巍巍，滮滮涆涆。䃢碒乎数州之间，灌注乎天下之半。百川派别，归海而会。控清引浊，混涛并濑。濆薄沸腾，寂寥长迈。濞焉汹汹，隐焉磕磕。出乎大荒之中，行乎东极之外。经扶桑之中林，包汤谷之滂沛。潮波汨起，回复万里。歊雾漨浡，云蒸昏昧。泓澄奫潫，澒溶沆瀁。莫测其深，莫究其广。澶湉漠而无涯，捴㹅有流而为长。瑰异之所丛育，鳞甲之所集往。

**Ode to the City of Wu**

The prince of Eastern Wu, with a cheerful smile, said: "Those who observe the constellations above are able to discern the patterns of the heavens. Those who examine the lands below understand the geography of the earth. In ancient times, the emperors surveyed the grand order of the eight directions. They unified the world and expanded their domains, soaring through the distant realms. Their accomplishments were recorded on bird-sealed documents, their deeds inscribed on jade tablets and stone records. Have you ever heard of the tall halls and palaces of Liang and Min? And yet you speak of the wealth of the capital of Shu and the treasures of Yutong. You praise its regions and its lush forests. You marvel at the ruggedness of the Ba and Han Rivers, claiming they offer natural defenses. You admire its fertile lands, considering them a source of prosperity for generations. But such small-minded calculations are the complaints of narrow men. To discuss capitals from such a limited perspective is not the vision of a true leader. Why? Because the land is insufficient to sustain life, and the mountains and rivers offer inadequate protection. Gongsun conquered it, and Zhuge made it his home, yet both were destroyed. This is but a ruin of disorder and a remnant of past overthrows. How could it be compared to the capitals of kings and noblemen, or serve as a symbol of greatness? To marvel at its barren pebbles while ignoring the depths of its jade pools is to remain unaware of where the dragon of Li lies coiled. To be content with such a small, flawed city without glimpsing a truly great capital is to misunderstand where heroes tread.

Have you never heard of the grandeur and splendor of the great city of Wu? When the state of Wu was first founded, it began with the efforts of Tai Bo and flourished under Yanling. It was an emblem of lofty integrity and noble ambition. By establishing the highest virtue, they created a great legacy, one that stood out in history, unmatched by others. They fostered humility and self-restraint, surpassing the opulence of a thousand chariots. When discussing capitals, no other state could compare to its magnificence.

Thus, its strategies were aligned with the stars above. The borders were drawn expansively, incorporating many lands. Wu embraced the lands of Yue and extended its influence over the regions of Man and Jing. The star of Maiden (Virgo) bestowed its radiance upon it, while the constellations of Wing and Chariot infused it with their essence. Mount Heng served as its pillar, and the Dragon River encircled its outskirts.

As for its mountains and rivers, they are grand and majestic, towering and mysterious. The waters burst forth in mighty torrents, flowing wide and boundless. Some streams rise to form new canals, while others swallow rivers and merge with the Han. The landscape is rugged and imposing, with flowing waters rushing forward. These lands span multiple provinces, irrigating half the world. The hundred rivers, each with its own course, flow into the sea and gather together. The pure and the murky, the waves and the rapids, mix and merge as they cascade. The waters surge and roar, yet in their stillness, they stretch far into the distance. At times, they rise with great force; at others, they are gentle and calm. These waters originate from the distant wilderness and flow beyond the eastern extremes. They pass through the central forests of Fusang and encompass the overflowing waters of Tanggu. The tides rise in swirling waves, surging for tens of thousands of miles. Mist and fog billow forth, clouds steam and darken the sky. The deep pools are clear and vast, the mighty rivers broad and endless. No one can fathom their depths, nor grasp their breadth. The waters stretch on in an unbounded expanse, their currents flowing eternally. It is a place where strange and wondrous creatures thrive, where scaled and armored beasts gather and come together."

　　于是乎长鲸吞航，修鲵吐浪。跃龙腾蛇，鲛鲻琵琶。王鲔鯸鲐，鮣龟鱕䱜。乌贼拥剑，𪓟鼊鲭鳄。涵泳乎其中。葺鳞镂甲，诡类舛错。泝洄顺流，噞喁沈浮。

　　鸟则鵾鸡鸀鳿，鸘鹄鹭鸿。鶢鶋避风，候雁造江。鸂鶒鷛𪆂，鶄鹤鶖鶬。鹳鸥鷁鸬，泛滥乎其上。湛淡羽仪，随波参差。理翮整翰，容与自玩。雕啄蔓藻，刷荡漪澜。

　　鱼鸟聱耴，万物蠢生。芒芒黖黖，慌罔奄欻，神化翕忽，函幽育明。穷性极形，盈虚自然。蚌蛤珠胎，与月亏全。巨鳌贔屓，首冠灵山。大鹏缤翻，翼若垂天。振荡汪流，雷拚重渊。殷动宇宙，胡可胜原？

　　岛屿绵邈，洲渚冯隆。旷瞻迢递，迥眺冥蒙。珍怪丽，奇隙充。径路绝，风云通。洪桃屈盘，丹桂灌丛。琼枝抗茎而敷橤，珊瑚幽茂而玲珑。增冈重阻，列真之宇。玉堂对霤，石室相距。蔼蔼翠幄，嫋嫋素女。江斐于是往来，海童于是宴语。斯实神妙之响象，嗟难得而覼缕！

　　尔乃地势坱圠，卉木镺蔓。遭薮为圃，值林为苑。异荂蓲蘛，夏晔冬蒨。方志所辨，中州所羡。草则藿蒳豆蔻，姜汇非一。江蓠之属，海苔之类。纶组紫绛，食葛香茅。石帆水松，东风扶留。布濩皋泽，蝉联陵丘。夤缘山岳之岊，羃历江海之流。扤白蒂，衔朱蕤。郁兮䓲茂，晔兮菲菲。光色炫晃，芬馥肸蚃。职贡纳其包匦，《离骚》咏其宿莽。

　　木则枫柙櫲樟，栟榈枸桹。绵杬杶栌，文欀桢橿。平仲桾櫏，松梓古度。楠榴之木，相思之树。宗生高冈，族茂幽阜。擢本千寻，垂荫万亩。攒柯拿茎，重葩殗叶。轮囷蚪蟠，𡍪㙷鳞接。荣色杂糅，绸缪缛绣。宵露霮䨴，旭日晻㫲。与风䬙扬，䬀浏飕飀。鸣条律畅，飞音响亮。盖象琴筑并奏，笙竽俱唱。

And so, the great whales swallow ships, the long salamanders spit waves. Dragons leap, serpents soar, sharks and sturgeons dance to the tune of nature. King mackerels, gurnards, and other large fish swim together, along with turtles, sea monsters, and crocodiles. Cuttlefish clutch their swords, strange creatures, all mingling in the waters, swimming freely. Their scales are intricately patterned, their forms bizarrely mixed, flowing with the current, diving and surfacing, opening and closing their mouths as they move up and down the streams.

As for birds, there are the great kun-chickens, cranes, herons, swans, and geese. The yuen and juku birds avoid the wind, while migratory geese approach the river. There are ducks, terns, cormorants, and pelicans, floating on the surface. Their graceful wings reflect in the water, rising and falling with the waves. They preen their feathers, adjust their wings, and play in the breeze, pecking at the water plants and gliding across the rippling waves.

The interplay between fish and birds, and the myriad creatures that spring to life in these waters, is awe-inspiring. Their existence is vast and boundless, their movements swift and sudden. In this world, divine transformations occur in an instant, nurturing both the hidden and the manifest. All things, whether growing or decaying, follow the natural cycle. Oysters and clams contain pearls, growing in sync with the waxing and waning of the moon. Giant turtles bear the mountains on their backs, while enormous peng birds flap their wings, stretching them to the sky. They stir the vast waters, like thunder in the deep abyss, shaking the universe—who could fully describe such wonders?

The islands stretch out far and wide, the shores rise and fall. One gazes into the distance, where the view becomes vast and mysterious. The islands are full of rare and beautiful things, filled with strange sights. The pathways are impassable, but the winds and clouds still traverse them. Great peach trees twist and wind, scarlet laurels fill the groves. The jade branches stand tall and bloom, while coral grows richly and intricately below. The steep hills and barriers enclose the abode of immortals. Jade halls face the sky, while stone chambers are set apart. Green canopies sway gently, and delicate maidens float in the air. The River Spirits come and go, while the Ocean Boys gather for feasts and conversations. These are the divine and wondrous scenes, rare and difficult to describe!

And then, the land itself is expansive and fertile, with plants and trees growing in abundance. What was once marshland has become a garden, and forests have been turned into parks. Strange flowers bloom, some in summer, others in winter, their brightness and vibrancy unmistakable. They are noted in local records, admired across the central plains. As for grasses, there are aromatic plants, cardamom, ginger, and various herbs. The shores are covered in varieties of seaweed and kelp. Fibers of purple and scarlet stretch across the land, fragrant with kudzu and lemongrass. Water pines and stone lotuses grow with the help of the eastern winds. The land is vast, covering marshes and hills, stretching across mountains and rivers. White buds bloom, red flowers follow, growing thickly and vigorously. Their colors dazzle, and their scents spread far and wide. They are tribute to the imperial court, celebrated in the "Li Sao" for their fragrant blooms.

As for trees, there are maples, oaks, camphor, and sandalwood, along with palm trees and banyans. Cedars and willows grow densely, their wood intricately veined. Tall firs and ancient pines stand tall, their branches interwoven. Nans, pomegranates, and trees of longing grow abundantly. They rise from high hills and flourish on secluded slopes. Their trunks reach a thousand fathoms, shading the land for miles. Their branches twist and twine, their leaves and flowers layered and thick. The trees’ boughs curl like serpents, their bark patterned like fish scales. Their vibrant colors mix together, woven like intricate embroidery. Night dew drips down, while the morning sun casts its light. The wind blows gently, the leaves rustling and whistling. Their sound is like the melody of zithers and lutes, like the harmony of flutes and reeds."

　　其上则猿父哀吟，𤟤子长啸。狖鼯猓然，腾趠飞超。争接县垂，竞游远枝。惊透沸乱，牢落翚散。其下则有枭羊麡狼，猰貐貙象。乌菟之族，犀兕之党。钩爪锯牙，自成锋颖。精若燿星，声若云霆。名载于山经，形镂于夏鼎。

　　其竹则筼筜箖箊，桂箭射筒。柚梧有篁，篻簩有丛。苞笋抽节，往往萦结。绿叶翠茎，冒霜停雪。橚矗森萃，蓊茸萧瑟。檀栾蝉蜎，玉润碧鲜。梢云无以逾，嶰谷弗能连。鸑鷟食其实，鹓鶵扰其间。

　　其果则丹橘余甘，荔枝之林。槟榔无柯，椰叶无阴。龙眼橄榄，棎榴御霜。结根比景之阴，列挺衡山之阳。素华斐，丹秀芳。临青壁，系紫房。鹧鸪南翥而中留，孔雀綷羽以翱翔。山鸡归飞而来栖，翡翠列巢以重行。

　　其琛赂则琨瑶之阜，铜锴之垠。火齐之宝，骇鸡之珍。頳丹明玑，金华银朴。紫贝流黄，缥碧素玉。隐赈崴㠢，杂插幽屏。精曜潜颖，硩陊山谷。碕岸为之不枯，林木为之润黩。隋侯于是鄙其夜光，宋王于是陋其结绿。

　　其荒陬谲诡，则有龙穴内蒸，云雨所储。陵鲤若兽，浮石若桴。双则比目，片则王余。穷陆饮木，极沈水居。泉室潜织而卷绡，渊客慷慨而泣珠。开北户以向日，齐南冥于幽都。

　　其四野则畛畷无数，膏腴兼倍。原隰殊品，窊隆异等。象耕鸟耘，此之自与。穱秀菰穗，于是乎在。煮海为盐，采山铸钱。国税再熟之稻，乡贡八蚕之绵。

Above, the elder apes wail in sorrow, while the young ones howl long cries. Monkeys and flying squirrels leap and soar, darting about and flying between the branches. They race to grab the hanging vines, competing to explore the distant limbs. They jump wildly, causing chaos, scattering like startled birds.

Below, there are creatures like owls, rams, wolves, the ferocious *ya-yu* (mythical beasts), tigers, leopards, and elephants. There are fierce wild beasts like tigers and rhinos. With hooked claws and saw-like teeth, they possess natural weapons. Their eyes shine like stars, and their roars are like thunder. They are named in ancient mountain texts, and their forms are engraved on the bronze cauldrons of the Xia dynasty.

As for bamboo, there are tall *yun-dang* and *lin-yu* varieties, and slender-stalked arrow bamboo. There are groves of pomelo and phoenix trees, and bamboo clumps that grow together. The bamboo shoots emerge, coiling as they grow, their green leaves and jade-colored stems standing tall through frost and snow. They rise up dense and straight, thick and lush, forming a rustling forest. Birds perch on their tender branches, while their jade-like leaves gleam with a fresh, vivid green. Their tops reach the clouds, far beyond comparison to any valley groves. Phoenixes feast on their fruits, while cranes and other elegant birds play among them.

As for fruits, there are red oranges, with lingering sweetness, and groves of lychee trees. Areca palms grow without branches, and coconut trees have no shade. Longans and olives grow, as well as pomegranates that endure the frost. Their roots are intertwined beneath the shady landscape, stretching out toward the sunny southern slopes of Hengshan Mountain. Their white blossoms are bright, their red fruits fragrant. They hang over green cliffs and dangle from purple branches. Partridges fly south but pause to rest, while peacocks spread their colorful feathers and soar in the air. Pheasants return to roost, and kingfishers build nests in neatly arranged rows.

As for treasures and tributes, there are bountiful reserves of jade and deposits of copper. There are rare treasures from fire-drenched lands and the prized scarlet gems that startle even roosters. There are red cinnabar, bright pearls, golden blossoms, and silver blocks. Purple shells flow with yellow hues, and there is pale blue-green jade as white as snow. These precious items are hidden among steep cliffs and scattered throughout secluded valleys. Their brilliance is concealed, their sharp beauty lying dormant in the mountains. The steep cliffs remain evergreen, and the forests stay lush because of these treasures. The Marquis of Sui would disdain his luminous pearl when compared to these, and the King of Song would consider his famed green jade inferior.

In the wild and mysterious regions, there are dragon caves where warm vapors rise and clouds and rain are stored. The legendary *ling-li* fish resemble beasts, and floating stones look like rafts. Paired creatures have twin eyes, while singular creatures are called *wang-yu*. They drink from forested springs and live deep in the waters. The creatures of the springs weave silk and roll it into gauze, while the inhabitants of the deep weep pearls, full of emotion. They open their northern doors to face the sun, aligning their hidden abodes with the southern depths.

In the four directions, there are countless fields and paths, with fertile soil in abundance. Plains and lowlands vary in quality, with some flat and some hilly. Elephants plow the land, and birds cultivate the fields; this is the natural order. There are sprouting grains and bulrushes, growing in abundance. The sea is boiled to make salt, and the mountains are mined to cast coins. The kingdom collects taxes from the twice-harvested rice, and the local regions contribute silk from their mulberry-fed silkworms.

　　徒观其郊隧之内奥，都邑之纲纪，霸王之所根柢，开国之所基趾。郛郭周匝，重城结隅。通门二八，水道陆衢。所以经始，用累千祀。宪紫宫以营室，廓广庭之漫漫。寒暑隔阂于邃宇，虹蜺回带于云馆。所以跨跱焕炳万里也。造姑苏之高台，临四远而特建，带朝夕之浚池，佩长洲之茂苑。窥东山之府，则坏宝溢目；䚕海陵之仓，则红粟流衍。起寝庙于武昌，作离宫于建业。阐阖闾之所营，采夫差之遗法。抗神龙之华殿，施荣楯而捷猎。崇临海之崔巍，饰赤乌之韡晔。东西胶葛，南北峥嵘。房栊对櫎，连阁相经。阍闼谲诡，异出奇名。左称弯碕，右号临硎。雕栾镂楶，青琐丹楹。图以云气，画以仙灵。虽兹宅之夸丽，曾未足以少宁。思比屋于倾宫，毕结瑶而构琼。高闱有闶，洞门方轨。朱阙双立，驰道如砥。树以青槐，亘以绿水。玄荫眈眈，清流亹亹。列寺七里，侠栋阳路。屯营栉比，解署棋布。横塘查下，邑屋隆夸。长干延属，飞甍舛互。

　　其居则高门鼎贵，魁岸豪杰。虞魏之昆，顾陆之裔。歧嶷继体，老成弈世。跃马叠迹，朱轮累辙。陈兵而归，兰锜内设。冠盖云荫，闾阎阗噎。其邻则有任侠之靡，轻訬之客。缔交翩翩，傧从弈弈。出蹑珠履，动以千百。里宴巷饮，飞觞举白。翘关扛鼎。拚射壶博。鄱阳暴谑，中酒而作。于是乐只衎而欢饫无匮，都辇殷而四奥来暨。水浮陆行，方舟结驷。唱棹转毂，昧旦永日。

　　开市朝而并纳，横阛阓而流溢。混品物而同廛，并都鄙而为一。士女伫眙，商贾骈坒。纻衣絺服，杂沓傱萃。轻舆按辔以经隧，楼船举颿而过肆。果布辐凑而常然，致远流离与珂珬。䌖贿纷纭，器用万端。金镒磊砢，珠琲阑干。桃笙象簟，韬于筒中；蕉葛升越，弱于罗纨。㒊譶泶㺒，交贸相竞。喧哗喤呷，芬葩荫映。挥袖风飘而红尘昼昏；流汗霢霂而中逵泥泞。富中之甿，货殖之选。乘时射利，财丰巨万。竞其区宇，则并疆兼巷；矜其宴居，则珠服玉馔。

　　趫材悍壮，此焉比庐。捷若庆忌，勇若专诸。危冠而出，竦剑而趋。扈带鲛函，扶揄属镂藏鍦于人，去𢧕自闾。家有鹤膝，户有犀渠。军容蓄用，器械兼储。吴钩越棘，纯钧湛卢。戎车盈于石城，戈船掩乎江湖。

Observing the inner depths of the city’s suburbs and paths, the regulations of the metropolis, and the foundations of kings and overlords, this is where dynasties are rooted and nations are founded. The city walls encircle the area, with layered fortresses guarding each corner. There are sixteen gates—eight for land and eight for water. Its construction spans a thousand years, beginning with the ancestral regulations of the royal palace and expanding into vast courtyards. Seasons pass in these secluded buildings, where rainbows and mists encircle cloud-filled pavilions. This grand city stretches majestically across thousands of miles.

The high platforms of Gusu rise, built to overlook the distant lands. It is adorned with reservoirs for morning and evening reflection and surrounded by the lush gardens of Changzhou. To the east, the treasury of Dongshan overflows with treasures, and the granaries of Hailing brim with red millet. Temples rise in Wuchang, and summer palaces are built in Jianye, following the designs of King Helü and the traditions of King Fuchai. The glorious Dragon Palace towers above, filled with honor and splendor, decorated with shields from grand hunts. The towering structures rise by the sea, adorned with the bright emblems of the Red Crow. The grandeur of the city stretches from east to west, north to south. Rows of chambers and balconies are connected in an intricate layout, with unique gates and remarkable names—on the left is Wanquan and on the right, Linxing. The roofs are carved with intricate designs, blue doors, and red pillars, with clouds painted on the walls and immortal spirits depicted in murals.

Even with this grandeur, it still does not satisfy completely. The dream is to create palaces as splendid as the divine ones, building with jade and constructing with precious gems. The high gates are spacious, and the passageways broad. Twin vermilion towers stand tall, while broad avenues stretch smooth as a whetstone. Green locust trees are planted, and the city is surrounded by rivers of clear water. The dark shade is deep and peaceful, and the clear streams flow gently. Seven miles of temples stand beside the sunny road. The military camps are aligned like a chessboard, and houses stand proudly by the docks. The horizontal ponds shimmer beneath the willows, and the neighborhoods rise grandly. Longgan stretches in continuity, its flying eaves intertwined in a grand spectacle.

The residents are of noble families and prestigious elites. Descendants of the ancient states of Yu and Wei, and the illustrious clans of Gu and Lu. These families pass down their legacy through generations, maintaining their prominence. Horses are mounted in succession, and the red-wheeled chariots leave deep tracks. Soldiers return home, their weapons laid to rest inside. The streets are shaded by a sea of officials' hats, and the gates are bustling with crowds. Among the neighbors are chivalrous individuals and extravagant guests. Friendships are formed in elegance, with companions walking together in stately fashion. When they step out in their jeweled shoes, their numbers reach the hundreds. They host banquets in the streets, toasting one another and raising their cups. They engage in feats of strength, contests of shooting arrows, and lively games of dice. In Poyang, they make jokes, and when drunk, they rise in song.

Amidst this joy, there is no lack of feasting and merriment. The capital buzzes with activity, and people from all directions come to gather. Boats float on the water, carriages ride on land, and carts and chariots line the streets. Oars stroke the water, and wheels turn through the morning until evening.

The marketplace opens at dawn, welcoming buyers from all walks of life. The bustling streets overflow with goods, and everything is sold in one place. Men and women gather in anticipation, and merchants crowd together. Silken robes and light garments are seen everywhere, with people bustling about in a lively scene. Light carriages move carefully down the paths, and tall ships raise their sails as they pass the shops. Fruits and cloth are piled up, always plentiful. Goods from distant lands, decorated with jade and pearls, are brought in abundance. Transactions take place rapidly, with countless items for sale. Golden ingots stack high, and pearls and jade fill the shops. Precious bamboo mats are stored in tubes, and banana and hemp cloth from the south are as fine as silk. Goods exchange hands in a frenzy, with traders competing to outdo one another. The streets are filled with noise, while the flowers in the trees provide shade. Sleeves flutter in the wind, stirring up red dust that darkens the midday sky. Sweat falls like rain, and the roads are muddy and slippery. The wealthiest citizens, skilled in trade, seize opportunities to amass fortunes. Competing for land and houses, they expand their estates, showing off their pearl-studded robes and jade-adorned feasts.

Strong and fearless men live here, swift as Qing Ji and brave as Zhuan Zhu. They wear tall hats and carry sharp swords, ready to charge into battle. They tie sharkskin sheaths to their belts, and their blades gleam with intricate carvings. They store weapons in their homes, always prepared for action. Every household has spears, and every gate has halberds. Military provisions are stored in abundance, with weapons and armor ready at hand. The Wu hooks and Yue spears, the pure swords and the famed Zhanlu blade, fill the war chariots in Shicheng, while the battle ships cover the rivers and lakes.

　　露往霜来，日月其除。草木节解，鸟兽腯肤。观鹰隼，诫征夫。坐组甲，建祀姑。命官帅而拥铎，将校猎乎具区。乌浒狼䐠，夫南西屠。儋耳黑齿之酋，金邻象郡之渠。驫駥飍矞，靸霅警捷，先驱前涂。俞骑骋路，指南司方。出车槛槛，被练锵锵。吴王乃巾玉辂，轺骕骦。旗鱼须，常重光。摄乌号，佩干将。羽旄扬蕤，雄戟耀芒。贝胄象弭，织文鸟章。六军袀服，四骐龙骧。峭格周施，罿罻普张。罼䍐琐结，罠蹏连纲。阹以九疑，御以沅湘。輶轩蓼扰，彀骑炜煌。袒裼徒搏，拔距投石之部。猿臂骿胁，狂趭犷猤。鹰瞵鹗视，䟃𧽼翋𦑶。若离若合者，相与腾跃乎莽䍚之野。干卤殳鋋，旸夷勃卢之旅。长𥍟短兵，直发驰骋。儇佻坌并，衔枚无声。悠悠旆旌者，相与聊浪乎昧莫之坰。钲鼓叠山，火烈熛林。飞爓浮烟，载霞载阴。菈擸雷硠，崩峦弛岑。鸟不择木，兽不择音。𧇭甝虪，𩓇麋麖。蓦六駮，追飞生。弹鸶鶁，射猱㹶。白雉落，黑鸩零。陵绝嶛嶕，聿越巉险。跇逾竹柏，𤣆猭杞楠。封狶𧀔，神螭掩。刚镞润，霜刃染。

　　于是弭节顿辔，齐镳驻跸。徘徊倘佯，寓目幽蔚。览将帅之拳勇，与士卒之抑扬。羽族以觜距为刀铍，毛群以齿角为矛铗，皆体着而应卒。所以挂扢而为创痏，冲踤而断筋骨。莫不衄锐挫芒，拉捭摧藏。虽有石林之岝崿，请攘臂而靡之；虽有雄虺之九首，将抗足而跐之。颠覆巢居，剖破窟宅。仰攀鵔鸃，俯蹴豺貘。刦剞熊罴之室，剽掠虎豹之落。猩猩啼而就禽，𥜿𥜿笑而被格。屠巴蛇，出象骼。斩鹏翼，掩广泽。轻禽狡兽，周章夷犹。狼跋乎紭中，忘其所以睒睗，失其所以去就。魂褫气慑而自踢䟮者，应弦饮羽，形偾景僵者，累积而增益，杂袭错缪。倾薮薄，倒岬岫。岩穴无豜豵，翳荟无𪋯鹨。思假道于丰隆，披重霄而高狩。笼乌兔于日月，穷飞走之栖宿。

　　嶰涧閴，冈岵童。罾罘满，效获众。回靶乎行邪，睨观鱼乎三江。泛舟航于彭蠡，浑万艘而既同。弘舸连舳，巨槛接舻。飞云盖海，制非常模。叠华楼而岛跱，时髣佛于方壶。比鹢首而有裕，迈余皇于往初。张组帏，构流苏。开轩幌，镜水区。槁工檝师，选自闽禺。习御长风，狎玩灵胥。责千里于寸阴，聊先期而须臾。棹讴唱，箫籁鸣。洪流响，渚禽惊。弋磻放，稽鹪䳟。钩铒纵横，网罟接绪。术兼詹公，巧倾任父。筌䱍䲛，鲡鱨魦。罩两魪，罺鰝鰕。乘鲎鼋鼍，同罛共罗。沈虎潜鹿，馽龓僒束。鰴鲸辈中于群犗，搀抢暴出而相属。虽复临河而钓鲤，无异射鲋于井谷。轻舟而竞逐，迎潮水而振缗。想萍实之复形，访灵夔于鲛人。精卫衔石而遇缴，文鳐夜飞而触纶。北山亡其翔翼，西海失其游鳞。雕题之士，镂身之卒。比饰虬龙，蛟螭与对。简其华质，则壴乚锦缋。料其虓勇，则雕悍狼戾。相与昧潜险，搜瑰奇。摸蝳蝐，扪觜𧓈。剖巨蚌于回渊，濯明月于涟漪。毕天下之至异，讫无索而不臻。溪壑为之一罄，川渎为之中贫。哂澹台之见谋，聊袭海而徇珍。载汉女于后舟，追晋贾而同尘。汨乘流以砰宕，翼颸风之䬟䬟。直冲涛而上濑，常沛沛以悠悠。汔可休而凯归，揖天吴与阳侯。

The dew departs and the frost arrives, as the days and months pass by. The grass and trees shed their leaves, and the birds and beasts grow sleek with fat. One watches the hawks and falcons, preparing the soldiers. They sit in their armor, ready to make sacrifices. The officials give orders, and the commanders lead the troops to the lakes for the hunt. In the south and west, they slaughter the wild beasts—wolves and tigers, the chiefs of the black-toothed people of Danzhou and the leaders of the elephant-governed provinces. The horses gallop swiftly, their hooves thundering as they alert those ahead, clearing the path for the advancing troops. The scouts race on horseback, guiding the army to the correct directions. The procession of vehicles moves in steady rhythm, while the soldiers are clad in gleaming armor. The King of Wu rides in his jade-adorned carriage, drawn by swift steeds. His flags, adorned with fish motifs, shine with double brilliance. He carries the legendary sword Ganjiang, and the feathered banners flutter in the wind. The spears shine with sharp blades, and the helmets are adorned with shell and ivory. The six armies are uniformly dressed, with their steeds prancing like dragons. The traps and nets are spread out in every direction, the snares and cords are woven together in a seamless formation. They encircle the Nine Peaks and control the areas of Yuan and Xiang rivers. Light chariots dart about, the cavalry is resplendent. Some fight bare-chested and unarmed, while others throw stones with the strength of apes, their limbs agile and fierce. Eagles and hawks glare sharply, their talons ready. Together, they leap and bound across the wild fields. The armies of Yao and Lou from the southern tribes wield long spears and short weapons, charging swiftly. They move in silence, biting their tongues to remain unheard.

In the distance, flags and banners flutter in the wind as they roam the twilight fields. Drums and gongs beat like mountains, and fires blaze through the forests. Flames leap, smoke drifts, glowing like clouds or shadows. Thunder crashes, and cliffs crumble. Birds no longer choose their trees, and beasts forget their calls. Wild boars flee, and deer scatter. The six-horse chariots charge through, pursuing their prey, while they shoot at eagles and strike down monkeys. White pheasants fall, and black vultures plummet from the sky. They cross dangerous ridges and perilous cliffs, leaping over bamboo and cypress trees. Boars are caught, and divine serpents are vanquished. Sharp arrows gleam, and frosty blades are stained with blood.

At this point, they halt their advance, resting the horses and chariots. They pause to admire the deep and lush surroundings. The generals display their courage, while the soldiers show their skill. The birds fight with beaks and claws as if wielding swords, and the animals use teeth and horns as spears, each body perfectly suited for combat. Wounds are inflicted as claws tear through flesh, and bones are broken by fierce strikes. No edge or blade remains untarnished, and even the sharpest weapons lose their tips. Though stone forests rise high, the warriors are ready to destroy them. Even the nine-headed serpent would be trampled beneath their feet. They topple nests and break open dens, scaling high to seize falcons, and kicking downwards to stomp on tigers and leopards. They plunder the dens of bears and pillage the lairs of panthers. The orangutans wail as they are caught, and the langurs screech as they are subdued. They slaughter the giant snakes, pulling out the bones of elephants. They cut off the wings of giant birds and sweep through the vast plains. The light-footed birds and cunning beasts scatter in all directions, fleeing in chaos. Wolves flee into the marshes, no longer knowing where to hide or flee. Those whose souls are seized with fear are struck down by arrows, and their bodies pile up, a growing mass of twisted forms. The forests are cleared, the cliffs emptied of prey. No boar remains in the caves, and no bird hides in the thick foliage. They dream of hunting through the clouds, chasing the sun and moon, capturing the hares of the sky, and chasing every creature to its resting place.

In the empty valleys and barren hills, the nets are full, the hunting successful. They shoot their arrows along winding paths and cast their gaze towards the three rivers, fishing in the waters. Boats sail across the vast expanse of Pengli Lake, thousands of ships moving as one. Large vessels are connected by planks, forming a massive fleet. Clouds seem to cover the sea, creating an extraordinary sight. They build tall towers on the islands, resembling the mythical lands of Fanghu. The front of the fleet is rich and powerful, outshining the achievements of past emperors. Silk curtains and embroidered tents are spread out, windows are opened, and the water is like a mirror. The best shipbuilders and pilots are selected from Min and Yu. They navigate through strong winds and enjoy the sights of the spiritual realms. Time passes swiftly, and soon they are ahead of schedule. Oarsmen sing as they row, and flutes play melodies. The rushing waters echo, and the water birds are startled. Arrows are loosed at fish, and nets are cast wide. The fishing gear is spread out, traps are set. They employ the skills of Master Zhan and the ingenuity of Father Ren, catching a variety of fish. They trap swordfish, capture catfish, and haul up sea turtles. The waters teem with sharks, snapping at the nets. Even large whales are captured, fighting with the strength of a herd of oxen. They leap out violently, one after another. Fishing for carp in the river feels no different from shooting minnows in a well. Light boats race ahead, riding the tides and casting their lines. They imagine the return of mythical fruits and seek the legendary Kui beast from the sea.

In the midst of this, magical creatures are snared, and rare birds are captured. The northern mountains lose their soaring wings, and the western seas are stripped of their swimming scales. Warriors with tattooed bodies, soldiers carved with dragons and serpents, stand adorned with their fierce and proud insignia. Their beauty is extravagant, with embroidered robes of finest silk. Their courage is unmatched, like wolves and tigers. Together, they explore the hidden dangers, searching for strange and wondrous things. They feel out the venomous creatures and seize the strange beasts. They crack open giant clams in deep pools and wash them under the moonlit ripples. They gather all the world’s most extraordinary creatures, leaving nothing behind. The rivers and valleys are emptied, the streams and lakes are left barren. They mock the plans of Zhan Tai, laughing as they raid the seas for treasures. They load the imperial daughters onto the rear boats, chasing after the merchants of Jin. They drift down the current, carried by the wind, their sails flapping. They charge through the waves, ascending the rapids, always moving swiftly, never slowing. Finally, they return victorious, bowing to the river god Tian Wu and the water deity Yang Hou.

　　指包山而为期，集洞庭而淹留。数军实乎桂林之苑，飨戎旅乎落星之楼。置酒若淮泗，积肴若山丘。飞轻轩而酌绿酃，方双辔而赋珍羞。饮烽起，釂鼓震。士遗倦，众怀欣。幸乎馆娃之宫，张女乐而娱群臣。罗金石与丝竹，若钧天之下陈。登东歌，操南音。胤阳阿，咏韎任。荆艳楚舞，吴愉越吟。翕习容裔，靡靡愔愔。若此者，与夫唱和之隆响，动钟鼓之铿耾。有殷坻颓于前，曲度难胜。皆与谣俗汁协，律吕相应。其奏乐也，则木石润色；其吐哀也，则凄风暴兴。或超延露而驾辩，或逾绿水而采菱。军马弭髦而仰秣，渊鱼竦鳞而上升。酣湑半，八音并。欢情留，良辰征。鲁阳挥戈而高麾，回曜灵于太清。将转西日而再中，齐既往之精诚。

　　昔者夏后氏朝群臣于兹土，而执玉帛者以万国。盖亦先生之所高会，而四方之所轨则。春秋之际，要盟之主。阖闾信其威，夫差穷其武。内果伍员之谋，外骋孙子之奇。胜彊楚于柏举，栖劲越于会稽。阙沟乎商鲁，争长于黄池。徒以江湖险陂，物产殷充。绕霤未足言其固，郑白未足语其丰。士有陷坚之锐，俗有节概之风。睚眦则挺剑，喑呜则弯弓。拥之者龙腾，据之者虎视。麾城若振槁，搴旗若顾指。虽带甲一朝，而元功远致。虽累叶百叠，而富彊相继。乐湑衎其方域，列仙集其土地。桂父练形而易色，赤须蝉蜕而附丽。中夏比焉，毕世而罕见，丹青图其珍玮，贵其宝利也。舜禹游焉，没齿而忘归，精灵留其山阿，玩其奇丽也。

　　剖判庶士，商搉万俗。国有郁鞅而显敞，邦有湫阨而踡跼。伊兹都之函弘，倾神州而韫椟。仰南斗以斟酌，兼二仪之优渥。繇此而揆之，西蜀之于东吴，小大之相绝也，亦犹棘林萤燿，而与夫樳木龙烛也。否泰之相背也，亦犹帝之悬解，而与桎梏疏属也。庸可共世而论巨细，同年而议丰确乎？暨其幽遐独邃，寥廓闲奥。耳目之所不该，足趾之所不蹈。倜傥之极异，誳诡之殊事，藏理于终古，而未寤于前觉也。若吾子之所传，孟浪之遗言，略举其梗概，而未得其要妙也。

　　魏都赋

　　魏国先生，有睟其容，乃盱衡而诰曰："异乎交益之士！盖音有楚夏者，土风之乖也；情有险易者，习俗之殊也。虽则生常，固非自得之谓也。昔市南宜僚弄丸，而两家之难解。聊为吾子复玩德音，以释二客竞于辩囿者也。

They set their sights on Mount Bao, making it the goal, and gathered at Dongting Lake, where they lingered. The armies filled the orchards of Guilin, and the soldiers feasted in the Starfall Pavilion. Wine was poured as freely as the waters of the Huai and Si Rivers, and the dishes piled up like hills. Light carriages flew by as green wine from Leiyang was served, and as they guided their horses, rare delicacies were offered. The signals for battle were given, and the drums reverberated. The soldiers shook off their weariness, and the crowd was filled with joy. They took delight in the palace of Guanwa, where female musicians entertained the ministers. Strings and bamboo flutes accompanied by metal and stone instruments created a harmony reminiscent of the music of heaven. They sang songs from the east and played melodies from the south. The heirs of Yang'e chanted songs, and the melodies of Chu dances and Wu poems echoed. The dancers swayed gracefully, their movements elegant and soft. The sounds of the performance, blending in harmony, stirred the bells and drums with a rich resonance. The grand structures in front seemed to collapse, unable to contain the might of the music. The tunes matched the popular songs, and the rhythms were in harmony with the musical scales. When they played joyous music, the trees and stones seemed to glow, but when they expressed sorrow, cold winds and violent storms arose. Some rode out, stretching towards the open air, while others crossed the green waters to gather water chestnuts. The army's horses raised their heads from feeding, while fish in the deep waters trembled and rose. At the height of the celebration, the eight musical tones blended together. The mood remained festive, and time passed in joy. The general of Luyang waved his sword and raised it high, turning the radiant sun in the sky. The sun, which was about to set in the west, seemed to rise again, reflecting their sincere dedication to the past.

In ancient times, the Xia dynasty rulers held court with their ministers in this very land, where envoys from ten thousand nations brought jade and silk. This was the site of grand gatherings, setting standards for the entire world. In the Spring and Autumn period, this was the place where alliances were formed. King Helü proved his might, while Fuchai exhausted his military strength. Internally, they relied on the wisdom of Wu Zixu, and externally, they employed the strategies of Sun Tzu. They defeated the powerful state of Chu at Bai Ju, and they subdued the fierce state of Yue at Kuaiji. They fought for supremacy over Shang and Lu, and contested leadership at Huangchi. The treacherous terrain of rivers and lakes enriched the land with abundant resources. The rugged slopes were not enough to secure their strength, and the fertile plains could not fully express their prosperity. The warriors were sharp and fierce, and the customs of the people were marked by discipline and integrity. At the slightest provocation, swords were drawn; at the sound of war cries, bows were bent. Those who occupied this land soared like dragons, and those who defended it glared like tigers. Raising a city was as easy as shaking off dust, and seizing a banner was as simple as a quick glance. Even in a single day's battle, their merit reached far and wide. Though the generations may pass, their wealth and strength continued unbroken. The land was filled with joy and music, and immortals gathered in these lands. The fathers of Gui trained their bodies and changed their forms, and the red-bearded ones shed their skins like cicadas. The central lands of China compared themselves to these regions, yet even over a lifetime, they rarely witnessed such wonders. Artists captured these scenes in paintings, treasuring the beauty and wealth they represented. Shun and Yu traveled here, and they were so captivated by the beauty that they forgot to return. The spirits remained in these mountains, enjoying the strange and wondrous sights.

They judged and classified the various people, and examined the customs of the many tribes. Some countries were grand and expansive, while others were small and confined. This capital city, broad and grand, encompassed all under heaven, storing its treasures. It looked to the southern constellations for guidance, embracing the favor of heaven and earth. From this vantage point, one could see that the western state of Shu was far inferior to the eastern state of Wu. The difference between them was like the glow of fireflies in a thicket compared to the brilliance of a dragon candle in the forest. The contrast between prosperity and decline was as great as the difference between an emperor releasing a captive and a prisoner shackled in chains. How can one discuss the great and the small in the same breath, or compare wealth and poverty in the same era? Their isolation and hidden depths are beyond what ears and eyes can comprehend, and their remote and mysterious nature lies beyond what feet have ever trodden. These lands, with their strange and unique customs, contain mysteries from ancient times that have yet to be fully understood. The stories passed down by your teacher, though capturing some of the essence, have not fully grasped the true profundity.

**On the Wei Capital**

The scholar of Wei had a serene expression, and raising his gaze, he declared: "Oh, how different are the scholars of Jiaoxi and Yi! The sounds of Chu and Xia vary due to the differences in local customs. The nature of a person may differ in its inclination towards danger or ease, shaped by their upbringing and traditions. Although one may live a normal life, this does not mean they fully understand themselves. In ancient times, the skilled player of Yi Liao from Shinan used to play with his marbles, but even this led to disputes between two families that could not be easily resolved. Let me offer you, my friend, the chance to enjoy a virtuous and noble discourse, and thereby resolve the disputes between these two guests who are embroiled in debate."

　　夫太极剖判，造化权舆。体兼昼夜，理包清浊。流而为江海，结而为山岳。列宿分其野，荒裔带其隅。岩冈潭渊，限蛮隔夷，峻危之窍也。蛮陬夷落，译导而通，鸟兽之氓也。正位居体者，以中夏为喉，不以边垂为襟也。长世字甿者，以道德为藩，不以袭险为屏也。而子大夫之贤者，尚弗曾庶翼等威，附丽皇极。思禀正朔，乐率贡职。而徒务于诡随匪人，宴安于绝域。荣其文身，骄其险棘。缪默语之常伦，牵胶言而逾侈。饰华离以矜然，假倔彊而攘臂。非醇粹之方壮，谋踳駮于王义。孰愈寻靡䓑于中逵，造沐猴于棘刺。剑阁虽嶛，凭之者蹶，非所以深根固蒂也。洞庭虽浚，负之者北，非所以爱人治国也。彼桑榆之末光，逾长庚之初辉。况河冀之爽垲，与江介之湫湄。故将语子以神州之略，赤县之畿。魏都之卓荦，六合之枢机。

　　于时运距阳九，汉网绝维。奸回内赑，兵缠紫微。翼翼京室，眈眈帝宇，巢焚原燎，变为煨烬，故荆棘旅庭也。殷殷寰内，绳绳八区，锋镝纵横，化为战场，故麋鹿寓城也。伊洛榛旷，崤函荒芜。临灾牢落，鄢郢丘墟。而是有魏开国之日，缔构之初。万邑譬焉，亦独犨麋之与子都。培塿之与方壶也。且魏地者，毕昴之所应，虞夏之余人。先王之桑梓，列圣之遗尘。考之四隈，则八埏之中；测之寒暑，则霜露所均。卜偃前识而赏其隆，吴札听歌而美其风。虽则衰世，而盛德形于管弦；虽逾千祀，而怀旧蕴于遐年。

　　尔其疆域，则旁极齐秦，结凑冀道。开胸殷卫，跨蹑燕赵。山林幽岟，川泽回缭。恒碣砧𥔲于青霄，河汾浩涆而皓溔。南瞻淇澳，则绿竹纯茂；北临漳滏，则冬夏异沼。神钲迢递于高峦，灵响时惊于四表。温泉毖涌而自浪，华清荡邪而难老。墨井盐池，玄滋素液。厥田惟中，厥壤惟白。原隰畇畇，坟衍斥斥。或嵬罍而复陆，或黋朗而拓落。干坤交泰而絪缊，嘉祥徽显而豫作。是以兆朕振古，萌柢畴昔。藏气谶纬，閟象竹帛。迥时世而渊默，应期运而光赫。暨圣武之龙飞，肇受命而光宅。爰初自臻，言占其良。谋龟谋筮，亦既允臧。修其郛郭，缮其城隍。经始之制，牢笼百田。画雍豫之居，写八都之宇。鉴茅茨于陶唐，察卑宫于夏禹。古公草创，而高门有闶；宣王中兴，而筑室百堵。兼圣哲之轨，并文质之状。商丰约而折中，准当年而为量。思重爻，摹大壮。览荀卿，采萧相。僝拱木于林衡，授全模于梓匠。遐迩悦豫而子来，工徒拟议而骋巧。阐钩绳之筌绪，承二分之正要。揆日晷，考星耀。建社稷，作清庙。筑曾宫以回匝，比冈隒而无陂。造文昌之广殿，极栋宇之弘规。𡽵若崇山崫起以崔嵬，髧若玄云舒蜺以高垂。瑰材巨世，𡍪㙷参差。枌橑复结，栾栌叠施。丹梁虹申以并亘，朱桷森布而支离。绮井列疏以悬蒂，华莲重葩而倒披。齐龙首而涌霤，时梗概于滮池。旅楹闲列，晖鉴抰振。榱题黮𪒡，阶𨺠嶙峋。长庭砥平，钟簴夹陈。风无纤埃，雨无微津。岩岩北阙，南端逌遵。竦峭双碣，方驾比轮。西辟延秋，东启长春。用觐群后，观享颐宾。

The Supreme Ultimate (Tai Chi) was divided, forming the foundation of creation and transformation. Its essence encompasses both day and night, and its principles include both purity and impurity. Flowing, it becomes rivers and seas; solidifying, it forms mountains and peaks. The stars and constellations divide the sky, and the distant wilderness borders the corners of the earth. Rocky ridges and deep pools separate the southern barbarians from the distant foreigners, forming dangerous and steep boundaries. The barbarian villages and foreign settlements communicate through interpreters, like a society of birds and beasts. The central lands, representing the body of the empire, treat the Central Plains (China) as the throat, not the borderlands as its lapels. The long-lasting governance of the people is achieved through virtue and the Way, not by relying on dangerous terrain for defense.

You, a virtuous official, have not yet fully established the foundations of your prestige, nor have you attached yourself to the emperor’s grand rule. You long to follow the proper calendar and gladly perform your tribute duties, yet you are focused on following deceitful men and living comfortably in remote regions. You take pride in your tattooed body and boast of the perilous terrain. You distort common morals in your speech and indulge in exaggerated claims. You embellish strange adornments to appear arrogant and rely on brute strength to raise your arms. This is not the way to establish a pure and strong foundation; your plans deviate from the king’s righteous path. How is this better than a lost path on the middle road, or like a monkey immersed in a thicket of thorns? Though the Sword Gate (Jian’ge) is towering, those who rely on it fall, for it is not a place to lay deep roots or a solid foundation. Though Dongting Lake is deep, those who depend on it are cast adrift, for it is not a way to care for the people and govern the country. The last rays of the setting sun surpass the early glow of the morning star. How much greater is the difference between the vast expanses of Hebei and the marshy shores along the Yangtze? 

Thus, I will speak to you of the grand strategy for the Divine Land and the core of the empire. The capital of Wei is exceptional, serving as the central pivot of the universe.

At that time, the cycles of heaven were disrupted, and the bonds of the Han dynasty were broken. Corrupt traitors rose within, and soldiers besieged the Purple Palace. The imperial capital trembled, and the emperor’s palace was under threat. Fires blazed, reducing the imperial halls to ashes, leaving the royal court overrun by thorns and brambles. The vast empire was in turmoil, and all eight regions were consumed by war. Swords and spears crossed in every direction, turning the land into a battlefield. The deer and elk took refuge in the cities. The plains of Yi and Luo were overgrown and desolate, while the mountain passes of Hangu and Xia were abandoned and barren. Disaster struck, reducing the cities of Yan and Ying to ruins.

It was at this moment that the state of Wei was founded, and its initial construction began. Its many cities were as numerous as millet stalks, yet they were as distinguished as the children of Zidu. The land was as diverse as small hills and large islands. Moreover, the land of Wei corresponds to the constellations of Bi and Mao, representing the descendants of the ancient Yu and Xia dynasties. It was the ancestral land of the former kings and the dust left by the saints. Examining its four corners, it lies at the center of the eight directions. Measuring its seasons, it is equally touched by frost and dew. The diviner Bu Yan foresaw its greatness and praised it; Wu Zha heard its songs and admired its customs. Even in declining times, its grand virtues were expressed in music and song. Even after a thousand years, memories of its old traditions remained.

As for its territory, it stretched alongside the borders of Qi and Qin, joining the roads of Ji province. It embraced the regions of Yin and Wei, and extended over the lands of Yan and Zhao. Its mountains and forests were deep and mysterious, while its rivers and lakes twisted and wound through the landscape. The mountains of Heng and Jie touched the blue sky, and the rivers of He and Fen flowed vast and bright. Looking south to the shores of Qi, the green bamboo grew lush, and facing north toward Zhang and Fu, the seasons alternated between the different waters. The divine bells rang out from high ridges, and their sacred sounds occasionally startled the four quarters. The hot springs gushed forth on their own, and their waters, especially those of Huaqing, had the power to resist aging. The black wells and salt ponds offered dark, rich liquids. The fields were located at the center, and the soil was pure white. The plains were fertile, and the fields vast and expansive. Some were rocky hills that rose and fell, while others were wide and open. Heaven and Earth intertwined in harmony, and auspicious signs appeared as a result. These signs appeared since ancient times, sprouting from past roots. The hidden omens and prophecies were recorded in bamboo slips and silken scrolls. Transcending time, they remained silent and profound, emerging when the moment was right, shining brilliantly when destiny called.

When the holy and martial dragon ascended, receiving the Mandate of Heaven and bringing light to the world, it was said that their arrival marked a good omen. Their plans were confirmed through divination, and everything proved auspicious. They repaired the city walls and fortified the ramparts, establishing a system that secured the hundred fields. They designed the capital of Yongyu, drawing the architecture of the eight capitals. They modeled it after the simple thatched huts of Emperor Yao and examined the modest palaces of Yu the Great. The ancient Duke laid the foundations, and the tall gates were raised. King Xuan revived the middle period, building a house with a hundred walls. Combining the tracks of sage-kings and the forms of refined simplicity, they achieved balance and moderation, measuring themselves by the standards of their time. They thought deeply about the meanings of the hexagrams and studied the wisdom of Xun Qing and the strategies of Xiao He. They selected the finest trees from the forests and entrusted the carpenters with the perfect plans.

From far and near, people rejoiced and came forth. The craftsmen made proposals and displayed their skills. They expanded upon the designs of their predecessors and preserved the essentials of the two equinoxes. They measured the sun’s shadow and calculated the stars’ brilliance. They built altars to the land and grain, and constructed the ancestral temples. They built a round palace with many turns, resembling the mountains and hills without impediment. They constructed the grand hall of Wenchang, following its vast architectural layout. The palace rose like towering mountains, grand and imposing. Its roofs were like dark clouds, spreading high and hanging low. The materials used were rare and remarkable, carefully selected and arranged. Beams and pillars were joined together, rafters and supports layered in tiers. The red beams extended like rainbows, spanning the distance, while vermilion rafters stood tall and branched apart. Ornate wells were arranged in rows, and the lotus flowers bloomed in clusters, their petals unfolding. The dragon-shaped eaves spiraled upwards, casting shadows on the pools below. Columns stood in rows, shining brightly in the sunlight. The roof beams were dark and somber, while the steps were rugged and steep. The long courtyards were level and smooth, with bells and chimes arranged on both sides. No dust stirred in the wind, and no trace of rain was left on the ground. The northern gate stood tall, while the southern path was wide and straight. Twin steles rose steeply, standing side by side like chariots in perfect alignment. The west gate welcomed the autumn, and the east gate opened to eternal spring. It was used for receiving vassals and entertaining distinguished guests.

　　左则中朝有赩，听政作寝。匪朴匪斫，去泰去甚。木无雕锼，土无绨锦。玄化所甄，国风所禀。于前则宣明显阳，顺德崇礼。重闱洞出，锵锵济济。珍树猗猗，奇卉萋萋。蕙风如薰，甘露如醴。禁台省中，连闼对廊。直事所繇，典刑所藏。蔼蔼列侍，金蜩齐光。诘朝陪幄，纳言有章。亚以柱后，执法内侍。符节谒者，典玺储吏。膳夫有官，药剂有司。肴醳顺时，腠理则治。于后则椒鹤文石，永巷壶术。楸梓木兰，次舍甲乙。西南其户，成之匪日。丹青焕炳，特有温室。仪形宇宙，历像贤圣。图以百瑞，綷以藻咏。芒芒终古，此焉则镜。有虞作绘，兹亦等竞。右则疏圃曲池，下畹高堂。兰渚莓莓，石濑汤汤。弱葼系实，轻叶振芳。奔龟跃鱼，有𥉻吕梁。驰道周屈于果下，延阁胤宇以经营。飞陛方辇而径西，三台列峙以峥嵘。亢阳台于阴基，拟华山之削成。上累栋而重霤，下冰室而冱冥。周轩中天，丹墀临猋。增构峨峨，清尘彯彯。云雀踶甍而矫首，壮翼摛镂于青霄。雷雨窈冥而未半，皦日笼光于绮寮。习步顿以升降，御春服而逍遥。八极可围于寸眸，万物可齐于一朝。长涂牟首，豪徼互经。晷漏肃唱，明宵有程。附以兰锜，宿以禁兵。司卫闲邪，钩陈罔惊。于是崇墉浚洫，婴堞带涘。四门䡾䡾，隆厦重起。凭太清以混成，越埃壒而资始。藐藐标危，亭亭峻趾。临焦原而不恍，谁劲捷而无𤟧？与冈岑而永固，非有期乎世祀。阳灵停曜于其表，阴祇濛雾于其里。菀以玄武，陪以幽林。缭垣开囿，观宇相临。硕果灌丛，围木竦寻。篁篠怀风，蒲陶结阴。回渊漼，积水深。蒹葭贙，雚胡官蒻森。丹藕凌波而的皪，绿芰泛涛而浸潭。羽翮颉颃，鳞介浮沈。栖者择木，雊者择音。若咆渤澥与姑余，常鸣鹤而在阴。表清籞，勒虞箴。思国恤，忘从禽。樵苏往而无忌，即鹿纵而匪禁。腜腜坰野，奕奕灾亩。甘荼伊蠢，芒种斯阜。西门溉其前，史起灌其后。墱流十二，同源异口。畜为屯云，泄为行雨。水澍稉稌，陆莳稷黍。黝黝桑柘，油油麻纻。均田画畴，蕃庐错列。姜芋充茂，桃李荫翳家安其所，而服美自悦。邑屋相望，而隔逾奕世。

On the left side, in the central court there is a bright hall where governmental affairs are conducted and rest is taken. Without excessive ornamentation or carving, avoiding both grandeur and extremes. The wood bears no intricate designs, the walls no elaborate brocades. This reflects the profound transformative influence and embodies the national customs.

In the front lies the luminous and magnificent hall, where virtue is followed and rituals are revered. Through the deep palace gates, there is a grand and harmonious scene. Precious trees grow luxuriantly, and rare plants flourish abundantly. The fragrant breeze is like incense, and sweet dew like wine. Within the imperial courts and chambers, connected galleries face each other. Here official duties are performed, and model standards are preserved. Court officials stand in dignified rows, their golden ornaments gleaming uniformly. In early morning they attend the imperial tent, presenting memorials in proper form.

Next are the palace women, internal enforcers, ceremonial messengers, keepers of the imperial seal, and storekeepers. There are official food preparers and medical officials. Delicacies follow the seasons, and health is maintained through proper care.

Behind are the pepper chambers and crane-decorated stones, with long corridors and magical vessels. Catalpa, cypress, and magnolia trees line the ranked residential quarters. The southwestern gates were not built in a day. The painted decorations are brilliant, with special heated chambers. The forms reflect the universe, with images of worthy sages. Auspicious symbols are depicted, adorned with literary compositions. Throughout ancient times, this serves as a mirror. The paintings of the Xia dynasty compete in excellence here.

On the right are scattered gardens and winding pools, with low fields and high halls. Orchid islets spread densely, and rocky rapids flow strongly. Tender plants bear fruit, light leaves spread fragrance. Turtles race and fish leap at the cascading falls. The carriageway winds through the orchards, extended galleries and buildings spread out in construction. Flying steps and square carriages head westward, while the Three Terraces stand towering in majesty.

　　内则街冲辐辏，朱阙结隅。石杠飞梁，出控漳渠。疏通沟以滨路，罗青槐以荫涂。比沧浪而可濯，方步櫩而有逾。习习冠盖，莘莘蒸徒。斑白不提，行旅让衢。设官分职，营处署居。夹之以府寺，班之以里闾。其府寺则位副三事，官逾六卿。奉常之号，大理之名。厦屋一揆，华屏齐荣。肃肃阶䦳，重门再扃。师尹爰止。毗代作桢。其闾阎则长寿吉阳，永平思忠。亦有戚里，置宫之东。闬出长者，巷苞诸公。都护之堂，殿居绮窗。舆骑朝猥，蹀𢼮其中。营客馆以周坊，餝宾侣之所集。玮丰楼之闬闳，起建安而首立。葺墙幂室，房庑杂袭。剞劂罔掇，匠斫积习。广成之传无以畴，槁街之邸不能及。廓三市而开廛，籍平逵而九达。班列肆以兼罗，设阛阓以襟带。济有无之常偏，距日中而毕会。抗旗亭之峣薛，侈所覜之博大。百隧毂击，连轸万贯，凭轼捶马，袖幕纷半。壹八方而混同，极风采之异观。质剂平而交易，刀布贸而无筭。财以工化，贿以商通。难得之货，此则弗容。器周用而长务，物背窳而就攻。不鬻邪而豫贾，着驯风之醇醲。白藏之藏，富有无堤。同赈大内，控引世资，賨幏积墆，琛币充牣。关石之所和钧，财赋之所厎慎。燕弧盈库而委劲，冀马填厩而驵骏。

Within the city, streets intersect and converge, with vermillion towers rising at the corners. Stone beams and flying bridges extend over the Zhang Canal. Ditches run along the roads, and green sophora trees provide shade along the paths. Like the Canglang River, it's pure enough to wash in, and like the raised walkways, it offers places to stroll. There's a constant stream of officials in their caps and carriages, and crowds of common people. The elderly need not carry loads, and travelers give way on the roads.

Officials are appointed to various posts, with offices and residences established. Government offices and temples flank the streets, arranged alongside residential neighborhoods. Among these offices and temples are the Three Departments and Six Ministries. There are buildings for the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and the Court of Judicial Review. The buildings are uniform in style, with splendid screens aligned. The steps are dignified, with double gates securely locked. Magistrates dwell here, serving in succession as pillars of state.

The neighborhoods include Changshou (Long Life), Jiyang, Yongping, and Sizhong. There's also the Imperial Relatives' Quarter to the east of the palace. The lanes produce worthy elders, and the alleys house numerous officials. In the Protector-General's hall with its ornate windows, carriages and horses gather in the morning, moving about within.

Guest houses encircle the district, adorned to accommodate visitors. The magnificent tower stands tall and wide, first erected in the Jian'an period. Walls are repaired and rooms are roofed, with various buildings interconnected. Craftsmen work continuously, their skills accumulated over time. Neither the Guangcheng tradition nor the Gaojie residence can compare.

Three marketplaces are opened with stalls, and nine roads lead to the square. Shops are arranged in rows, with markets forming a belt around the area. They balance supply and demand, all trade concluding by midday. Tall flags wave above the markets, displaying the grandeur of commerce. Hundreds of carts collide at the hubs, axles connected carrying countless goods. Merchants lean on cart shafts and whip their horses, with sleeves and curtains fluttering.

All eight directions mix together, showing various customs and appearances. Prices are fair in transactions, with countless exchanges of cloth and coin. Goods are transformed through craftsmanship, wealth flows through trade. Rare goods are not hoarded here. Tools are made for long-term use, and defective items are improved. Without selling falsehood or speculation, honest trading practices prevail.

The imperial treasury is boundless in its wealth. It supplies the imperial court and controls worldly resources. Treasures pile up in storage, with precious goods filling the vaults. It's where taxes are balanced and finances are carefully managed. Yan bows fill the armory with their strength, and fine horses from Ji fill the stables with their speed.

　　至乎勍敌纠纷，庶土罔宁。圣武兴言，将曜威灵。介胄重袭，旍旗跃茎。弓珧解檠，矛鋋飘英。三属之甲，缦胡之缨。控弦简发，妙拟更嬴。齐被练而铦戈，袭偏裻以䜋列。毕出征而中律，执奇正以四伐。硕画精通，目无匪制。推锋积纪，铓气弥锐。三接三捷，既昼亦月。克翦方命，吞灭咆烋。云撤叛换，席卷虔刘。祲威八纮，荒阻率由。洗兵海岛，刷马江洲。振旅䡘䡘，反旆悠悠。凯归同饮，疏爵普畴。朝无刓印，国无费留。丧乱既弭而能宴，武人归兽而去战。萧斧戢柯以柙刃，虹旍摄麾以就卷。斟洪范，酌典宪。观所恒，通其变。上垂拱而司契，下缘督而自劝。道来斯贵，利往则贱。囹圄寂寥，京庾流衍。于时东鳀即序，西倾顺轨。荆南怀憓，朔北思韪。绵绵迥涂，骤山骤水。襁负赆贽，重译贡篚。髽首之豪，鐻耳之杰。服其荒服。敛衽魏阙。置酒文昌，高张宿设。其夜未遽，庭燎晰晰。有客祁祁，载华载裔。岌岌冠縰，累累辫发。清酤如济，浊醪如河。冻醴流澌，温酎跃波。丰肴衍衍，行庖皤皤。愔愔醧宴，酣湑无哗延广乐，奏九成。冠韶夏，冒六茎。傮响起，疑震霆。天宇骇，地庐惊。亿若大帝之所兴作，二嬴之所曾聆。金石丝竹之恒韵，匏土革木之常调。干戚羽旄之饰好，清讴微吟之要妙。世业之所日用，耳目之所闻觉。杂糅纷错，兼该泛博。鞮鞻所掌之音，韎昧任禁之曲。以娱四夷之君，以睦八荒之俗。

When fierce enemies caused turmoil and the lands were not at peace, sacred martial might arose to display its divine power. Armor was layered thick, and battle standards rose high on their poles. Bows were removed from their racks, and spears flickered with brilliance. The armor of the three ranks and the tassels of foreign style, archers drawing their bowstrings, showing skill surpassing even Ying. They wore training armor and held sharp weapons, dressed in battle gear and arranged in formation. All went forth to battle in proper order, employing both regular and surprise tactics. The grand strategy was masterfully executed, with no movement outside the plan. Advancing the spearhead over time, their martial spirit grew ever sharper.

Three engagements brought three victories, fighting both day and night. They conquered the regions under heaven's mandate, destroying the roaring rebels. The clouds of rebellion dispersed, sweeping away the violent and lawless. Their awesome might reached the eight directions, bringing distant obstacles under control. They washed their weapons at sea islands and watered their horses on river banks. The troops returned triumphantly, their banners floating leisurely. They celebrated victory together, sharing cups of wine all around. At court, no seals were damaged; in the country, no resources were wasted.

With chaos suppressed, they could feast; the warriors returned to peace, abandoning war. Battle-axes were stored away, their edges sheathed; rainbow banners were furled and put aside. They studied the Great Plan and followed classic laws, observing constants while adapting to change. Above, the ruler governed with folded hands while managing agreements; below, officials followed supervision and encouraged themselves. When the Way came it was valued; when profit departed it was scorned. The prisons were empty, and the granaries overflowed.

At this time, the eastern barbarians came in order, and the western regions followed the proper path. The south of Jing showed admiration, and the northern frontier contemplated righteousness. Along endless distant roads, crossing mountains and waters, they carried gifts and tribute in baskets, with multiple translators needed. The chiefs with distinctive hairstyles and the heroes with pierced ears wore their barbaric clothes and bowed before the palace towers.

Wine was set out in the Wenchang Palace, with grand preparations made in advance. As night had not yet deepened, courtyard torches burned brightly. Distinguished guests arrived, both Chinese and foreign. Their tall caps and ornaments, and numerous braided hair styles were displayed. Clear wine flowed like rivers, cloudy ale like streams. Frozen sweet wine melted, warm wine jumped in waves. Abundant dishes were laid out, with busy kitchens working. The peaceful banquet proceeded, with merry drinking but no disorder.

Grand music was extended, playing the nine movements. The Shao and Xia music was performed, covering the six tones. When the sounds arose, they seemed like rolling thunder. The heavens were startled, and earthly dwellings shook. It seemed like what the great emperor had created, what the two Qin rulers had once heard. The regular rhythms of metal, stone, silk, and bamboo instruments, the constant harmonies of gourd, clay, leather, and wooden ones. The beautiful decorations of shield-and-axe dances with feathered banners, the essential wonder of clear songs and soft chants. These were what the dynasty used daily, what ears and eyes heard and perceived. Various styles mixed together, encompassing broad knowledge. The music managed by foreign musicians, the melodies entrusted to barbarian performers. This entertained the lords of the four directions, and harmonized the customs of the eight distant regions.

　　既苗既狩，爰游爰豫。藉田以礼动，大阅以义举。备法驾，理秋御。显文武之壮观，迈梁驺之所着。林不槎枿，泽不伐夭。斧斨以时，罾𦉾以道。德连木理，仁挺芝草。皓兽为之育薮，丹鱼为之生沼。矞云翔龙，泽马亍阜。山图其石，川形其宝。莫黑匪乌，三趾而来仪。莫赤匪狐，九尾而自扰。嘉颖离合以䔿䔿，醴泉涌流而浩浩。显祯祥以曲成，固触物而兼造。盖亦明灵之所酬酢，休征之所伟兆。旼旼率土，迁善罔匮。沐浴福应，宅心醰粹。余粮栖亩而弗收，颂声载路而洋溢。河洛开奥，符命用出。翩翩黄鸟，衔书来讯人谋所尊，鬼谋所秩。刘宗委驭，巽其神器。窥玉策于金縢，案图箓于石室。考历数之所在，察五德之所莅。量寸旬，涓吉日。陟中坛，即帝位。改正朔，易服色。继绝世，脩废职。徽帜以变，器械以革。显仁翌明，藏用玄默。菲言厚行，陶化染学。雠校篆籀，篇章毕觌。优贤着于扬历，匪孽形于亲戚。本枝别干，蕃屏皇家。勇若任城，才若东阿。抗旍则威噞秋霜，摛翰则华纵春葩。英喆雄豪，佐命帝室。相兼二八，将猛四七。赫赫震震，开务有谧。故令斯民睹泰阶之平，可比屋而为一。筭祀有纪，天禄有终。传业禅祚，高谢万邦。皇恩绰矣，帝德冲矣。让其天下，臣至公矣。荣操行之独得，超百王之庸庸。追亘卷领与结绳，睠留重华而比踪。尊卢赫胥，羲农有熊。虽自以为道，洪化以为隆。世笃玄同，奚遽不能与之踵武而齐其风？是故料其建国，析其法度。谘其考室，议其举厝。复之而无斁，申之而有裕。非疏粝之士所能精，非鄙俚之言所能具。

When the crops are growing and hunting is in season, there is time for leisure and pleasure. The ceremonial plowing is conducted with propriety, and military reviews are carried out with righteousness. The imperial carriages are prepared, and autumn hunting is organized. The magnificent display of civil and military might surpasses what was recorded in ancient texts.

In the forests, trees are not cut unseasonably; in the marshes, young plants are not harvested prematurely. Axes fell only in proper seasons, and fishing nets are cast according to proper ways. Virtue aligns with the grain of wood, and benevolence nurtures spiritual herbs. White beasts thrive in their thickets, and red fish multiply in their ponds.

Dragons soar among the clouds, and celestial horses roam the hills. Mountains display their rocks, and rivers reveal their treasures. Among black creatures, the three-legged crow comes as an auspicious sign. Among red creatures, the nine-tailed fox appears self-troubled. Fine grains grow abundantly, and sweet springs flow endlessly. Auspicious signs manifest in perfect harmony, touching all things in creation.

These are indeed responses from the spirits and grand omens of good fortune. Throughout the land, people improve without end. They bathe in blessings and maintain pure hearts. Surplus grain remains ungathered in the fields, and songs of praise fill the roads to overflowing.

The Yellow River and Luo River reveal their secrets, and heaven's mandate emerges. The yellow bird flies gracefully, carrying writings - what humans revere and spirits ordain. Liu's lineage yields its rule, humbly offering its divine vessel. They examine the jade tablets in golden boxes and study the documents in stone chambers.

They consider the calculations of destiny and observe the succession of the Five Virtues. They measure the days and select auspicious dates. Ascending the central altar, they take the imperial throne. They change the calendar and alter the court garments. They restore broken lineages and revive abandoned offices.

Banners are changed, and implements are reformed. They display benevolence and foster enlightenment, while maintaining subtle power in silence. They speak little but act substantially, transforming through education. Ancient scripts are compared and texts made clear. The worthy are recorded in history, while the unworthy are not favored even if related.

The main trunk and branches separate, protecting the imperial family. Some are brave like [the prince of] Rencheng, others talented like [the scholar of] Dong'a. When raising banners, their authority is as stern as autumn frost; when wielding brushes, their writings bloom like spring flowers.

The brilliant and mighty heroes assist the imperial court. They combine the virtues of the "twice eight" and command the strength of the "four seven." Glorious and awesome, they bring peace to all affairs. Thus they enable the people to see the peaceful steps [of governance], making every household united as one.

The counting of sacrifices has its records, and heaven's blessings have their end. The inheritance of power and abdication of rule surpasses all other nations. The emperor's grace is abundant, and his virtue is profound. In yielding his realm, his ministers achieved the utmost fairness.

The glory of his conduct stands alone, surpassing the mediocrity of a hundred kings. Looking back to the time of knotted cords and early rulers, even comparing to the era of Chonghua [Shun], examining the accomplished rulers Lu, Hexu, Xi, Nong, and Youxiong - though they considered themselves to have achieved the Way, their great transformative influence was considered supreme.

The world is devoted to profound unity - how could we not follow in their footsteps and match their ways? Therefore, we examine their nation-building and analyze their laws and measures. We consult their examination of offices and discuss their initiatives and arrangements. Reviewing them brings no weariness, extending them brings abundance.

These are not matters that common scholars can fully comprehend, nor can crude words adequately express them.

This classical text embodies typical characteristics of Chinese imperial literature, combining elements of political philosophy, natural imagery, and historical reference to articulate ideals of governance and succession. Its style is deeply literary, using parallel structure and allusions to historical figures and events to convey its message.

　　至于山川之倬诡，物产之魁殊。或名奇而见称，或实异而可书。生生之所常厚，洵美之所不渝。其中则有鸳鸯交谷，虎涧龙山。掘鲤之淀，盖节之渊。𦐠𦐠精卫，衔木偿怨。常山平干，钜鹿河间。列真非一，往往出焉。昌容练色，犊配眉连。玄俗无影，木羽偶仙。琴高沈水而不濡，时乘赤鲤而周旋。师门使火以验术，故将去而林燔。易阳壮容，卫之稚质。邯郸□步，赵之鸣瑟。真定之梨，故安之栗。醇酎中山，流湎千日。淇洹之笋，信都之枣。雍丘之粱，清流之稻。锦绣襄邑，罗绮朝歌。绵纩房子，缣总清河。若此之属，繁富伙够非可单究，是以抑而未罄也。盖比物以错辞，述清都之闲丽。虽选言以简章，徒九复而遗旨。览大易与春秋，判殊隐而一致。末上林之隤墙，本前脩以作系。其军容弗犯，信其果毅。纠华绥戎，以戴公室。元勋配管敬之绩，歌钟析邦君之肆。则魏绛之贤有令闻也。闲居隘巷，室迩心遐。富仁宠义，职竞弗罗。千乘为之轼庐，诸侯为之止戈。则干木之德自解纷也。贵非吾尊，重士逾山。亲御监门，嗛嗛同轩。搦秦起赵。威振八蕃。则信陵之名若兰芬也。英辩荣枯，能济其厄。位加将相，窒隙之策。四海齐锋，一口所敌，张仪、张禄亦足云也。

As for the magnificent mountains and rivers, and their extraordinary products - some are renowned for their unusual names, others are noteworthy for their unique qualities. These are places where life flourishes abundantly, and their beauty remains unchanging.

Among them are valleys where mandarin ducks gather, and mountains of tigers and dragons. There are ponds where carp are dug up, and the deep pools of Gaijie. There's where the Jingwei bird carries twigs in its endless quest for vengeance. There are Changshan, Pinggan, Julu, and Hejian.

Many immortals have emerged from these places. There was Changrong with his refined complexion, and Duopei with connected eyebrows. There was Xuansu who cast no shadow, and Muyu who accompanied immortals. Qin Gao could submerge in water without getting wet, sometimes riding red carp in circles. Shi Men used fire to prove his magic, and when he left, the forests burned. There was Yiyang with his magnificent appearance, and Wei with his youthful qualities.

There were the distinctive walks of Handan, and the zithers of Zhao. The pears of Zhending and the chestnuts of Gu'an. The fine wine of Zhongshan could intoxicate for a thousand days. There were bamboo shoots of Qihuan and dates of Xindu. The grain of Yongqiu and the rice of Qingliu. The brocades of Xiangyi and the silk of Zhaoge. The cotton of Fangzi and the fine fabric of Qinghe.

Things such as these are too numerous to investigate individually, so I have had to limit my account. Comparing things with varied expressions, I describe the refined beauty of the imperial capital. Though I select words carefully for these brief chapters, even after nine revisions, some meaning is still lost. Looking at the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Annals, though different in their obscurity, they share a common purpose.

As for the magnificent mountains and rivers, and their extraordinary products - some are renowned for their unusual names, others are noteworthy for their unique qualities. These are places where life flourishes abundantly, and their beauty remains unchanging.

Among them are valleys where mandarin ducks gather, and mountains of tigers and dragons. There are ponds where carp are dug up, and the deep pools of Gaijie. There's where the Jingwei bird carries twigs in its endless quest for vengeance. There are Changshan, Pinggan, Julu, and Hejian.

Many immortals have emerged from these places. There was Changrong with his refined complexion, and Duopei with connected eyebrows. There was Xuansu who cast no shadow, and Muyu who accompanied immortals. Qin Gao could submerge in water without getting wet, sometimes riding red carp in circles. Shi Men used fire to prove his magic, and when he left, the forests burned. There was Yiyang with his magnificent appearance, and Wei with his youthful qualities.

There were the distinctive walks of Handan, and the zithers of Zhao. The pears of Zhending and the chestnuts of Gu'an. The fine wine of Zhongshan could intoxicate for a thousand days. There were bamboo shoots of Qihuan and dates of Xindu. The grain of Yongqiu and the rice of Qingliu. The brocades of Xiangyi and the silk of Zhaoge. The cotton of Fangzi and the fine fabric of Qinghe.

Things such as these are too numerous to investigate individually, so I have had to limit my account. Comparing things with varied expressions, I describe the refined beauty of the imperial capital. Though I select words carefully for these brief chapters, even after nine revisions, some meaning is still lost. Looking at the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Annals, though different in their obscurity, they share a common purpose.

Rather than describing the collapsed walls of Shanglin, I base my writing on the works of previous scholars. Their military presence was never aggressive, and they were truly resolute. They brought peace between Chinese and barbarians, supporting the royal house. Their great achievements matched those of Guan Jing, and songs were sung of the princes' wealth. Thus Wei Jiang's virtue was widely renowned.

Living in a narrow alley, his dwelling was small but his mind was broad. He was rich in benevolence and honored righteousness, competing in duty but not for wealth. A thousand chariots made way for his humble dwelling, and princes ceased their warfare for him. Thus Gan Mu's virtue naturally resolved conflicts.

He did not value his own nobility, but respected scholars more than mountains. He personally attended the palace gates, humbly sharing his carriage with others. He restrained Qin and supported Zhao, his influence reaching all directions. Thus Prince Xinling's reputation was as fragrant as orchids.

Their eloquence determined success or failure, able to save others from difficulty. Though holding positions as generals and ministers, they had strategies to prevent conflict. When all under heaven raised arms, a single word could counter them - Zhang Yi and Zhang Lu were indeed worthy of mention.

　　搉惟庸蜀与鸲鹊同窠，句吴与䵷黾同穴。一自以为禽鸟，一自以为鱼鳖。山阜猥积而踦𨄅，泉流迸集而咉咽。隰壤瀸漏而沮洳，林薮石留而芜秽。穷岫泄云，日月恒翳。宅土熇暑，封疆障疠。蔡莽螫剌，昆虫毒噬。汉罪流御，秦余徙㡂。宵貌蕞陋，禀质遳脆。巷无杼首，里罕耆耋。或魋髻而左言，或镂肤而钻发。或明发而嬥歌，或浮泳而卒岁。风俗以韰果为婳，人物以戕害为艺。威仪所不摄，宪章所不缀。由重山之束阨，因长川之裾势。距远关以闚𨵦，时高樔而陛制。薄戍绵幂，无异蛛蝥之网；弱卒琐甲，无异螳蜋之卫。与先世而常然，虽信险而剿绝。揆既往之前迹，即将来之后辙。成都迄已倾覆，建邺则亦颠沛。顾非累卵于叠棊，焉至观形而怀怛！权假日以余荣，比朝华而庵蔼。览麦秀与黍离，可作谣于吴会。

Where the mediocre ones of Shu nest with magpies, and the Wu people share burrows with water creatures. One considers itself among the birds, the other counts itself among the fish and turtles. Mountains pile up awkwardly and tower high, while springs burst forth with choking sounds. The lowlands are waterlogged and marshy, while the forests and thickets are overgrown with weeds and debris. From deep caves clouds seep out, the sun and moon are forever obscured. The inhabited land is scorching hot, and the borders are plagued with disease. Thorny plants sting, and insects bite venomously. Criminals banished by Han, remnants exiled by Qin. Their appearance is crude and small, their constitution hasty and fragile. In the alleys there are no gray-haired women, in the villages elderly are rare. Some wear strange hairstyles and speak in peculiar ways, some tattoo their skin and pierce their hair. Some sing loudly at dawn, others spend their years swimming idly. Local customs consider wild fruits as delicacies, and the people regard violence as an art. They are not bound by dignified conduct, nor are they restricted by laws and regulations. Confined by towering mountains, following the contours of long rivers. They peek at distant passes, occasionally climbing high towers to receive imperial edicts. The thin garrison spreads like a spider's web; the weak soldiers in their petty armor are no different from praying mantises standing guard. It has been this way since ancient times, though treacherous and isolated. Looking at the tracks of the past, and the future path ahead. Chengdu has already fallen into ruin, and Jianye too has toppled. Yet this is not like stacking eggs on a pile of chess pieces - why should one be fearful just by observing the situation! Power brings temporary glory, like morning flowers in their fleeting splendor. Observing the ripening wheat and millet, songs can be made in Wu and Hui.

　　先生之言未卒，吴蜀二客，矍焉相顾，𥉉焉失所。有腼瞢容，神惢形茹。弛气离坐，㥏墨而谢。曰：仆党清狂，怵迫闽濮。习蓼虫之忘辛，玩进退之惟谷。非常寐而无觉，不睹皇舆之轨躅。过以𠆩剽之单慧，历执古之醇听。兼重悂以䝯缪，偭辰光而罔定。先生玄识，深颂靡测。得闻上德之至盛，匪同忧于有圣。抑若春霆发响，而惊蛰飞竞。潜龙浮景，而幽泉高镜。虽星有风雨之好，人有异同之性。庶觌蔀家与剥庐，非苏世而居正。且夫寒谷丰黍，吹律暖之也。昏情爽曙，箴规显之也。虽明珠兼寸，尺璧有盈。曜车二六，三倾五城，未若申锡典章之为远也。

　　亮曰：日不双丽，世不两帝。天经地纬，理有大归。安得齐给守其小辩也哉！

Before the master had finished speaking, the two guests from Wu and Shu looked at each other in alarm, losing their composure. Their expressions showed embarrassment, their spirits dampened and demeanor constrained. They withdrew from their seats with diminished vigor, and bowed in apology, saying:

"We in our party are but unrestrained and impetuous, trembling before the music of Min and Pu. Like insects that eat pepper and forget its spiciness, we only knew to advance and retreat through valleys. Not awakening from our usual slumber, we failed to see the tracks of the imperial carriage. We erred with our shallow wit and hasty judgment, though we claimed to maintain the pure understanding of the ancients. We compounded our confusion with heavy doubts, wasting time without reaching any conclusion.

Master, your profound understanding is beyond our measure. Having heard of the greatest achievements of supreme virtue, we failed to share the concerns about having sages. It was as if spring thunder had sounded, startling hibernating creatures into flight; like a hidden dragon revealing itself, making deep springs reflect high above. Though stars may herald wind and rain, people have different natures. We hope to witness both the home of darkness and the stripped-bare dwelling, rather than reviving the age while maintaining righteousness.

Moreover, the cold valley produces abundant millet because warm air is blown into it. Confused minds are brightened because principles and guidelines illuminate them. Though bright pearls may span inches and jade discs overflow measures, though brilliant chariots number twelve and five cities thrice toppled, none compare to the far-reaching impact of bestowing classical teachings."

Liang replied: "The sun cannot shine twice, nor can the world have two emperors. The laws of Heaven and Earth have one great principle to follow. How can we maintain petty arguments about equal treatment?"

Analysis:

无名:

What are your thoughts on this passage? Liang replied: "The sun cannot shine twice, nor can the world have two emperors. The laws of Heaven and Earth have one great principle to follow. How can we maintain petty arguments about equal treatment?"

AI:

This passage seems to reflect a belief in the natural order of hierarchy and authority, particularly in the political and cosmic realms. The speaker, Liang, uses the imagery of the sun and emperor to emphasize the idea that, just as there cannot be two suns in the sky, there cannot be two competing rulers. This points to the idea that there is only one legitimate source of authority at a time, and it is in accordance with Heaven's will.

The reference to "the laws of Heaven and Earth" implies that the speaker sees the principle of singular rule as part of the cosmic order, suggesting that challenging or arguing against this order (perhaps by advocating for equal treatment or multiple rulers) is unnatural or unnecessary. Liang dismisses "petty arguments about equal treatment," likely implying that debates about equality within such a hierarchical system are frivolous when the overarching principle of singular authority is self-evident.

It reflects a worldview that prioritizes harmony through centralized authority, rooted in the belief that the cosmos itself is structured in a hierarchical way. This fits within certain traditional Confucian or political philosophies, where maintaining social order under a singular ruler is key to harmony, and deviation from this order leads to chaos.

What’s your own impression of this passage? Do you feel it resonates with you or challenges some of your views?

无名:

This is perplexing. While the sun is a crucial part of nature, it is not the ruler. I do understand that it is not ideal to have two rulers as this causes confusion for all, centralized authority seems to lose sight of the needs of the distant communities. 

AI:

Your interpretation touches on an important tension between centralized authority and the needs of diverse or distant communities. The metaphor of the sun, though powerful as a symbol of singular authority, seems problematic when we think more deeply about nature. The sun, while essential, does not control the entire ecosystem—it’s just one part of the natural balance. Nature thrives through a web of interdependent elements, not through a single source of power.

In political terms, you raise a key point: while centralized authority may prevent confusion and provide clear direction, it often overlooks the unique needs of people in distant or marginalized communities. A single ruler or centralized system can become too focused on maintaining power and order at the center, losing sight of the variety and diversity within the broader system.

This ties into broader philosophical questions: Should governance aim to reflect the more complex, interdependent patterns of nature? Does a focus on harmony mean imposing a single order, or should it involve adapting to the different needs and conditions of all parts of society?

Your observation about the sun not being the ruler also challenges the passage’s analogy. It’s true that the sun shines universally, but life on Earth responds to it in different ways, suggesting that centralized power may not always be the best model for human governance. How do you think this tension between central power and local needs should be resolved? Should a balance be found, or does one side ultimately take precedence?

无名:

I think whether we are experiencing central control or decentralized control this is merely nature unraveling as it may unravel and I accept this. For some reason, I continue to explore these ideas but often come to the conclusion that 我不知道.

AI:

It sounds like you've reached a place of acceptance regarding the unfolding of these systems, recognizing that both centralized and decentralized control are part of the natural ebb and flow of human existence. This perspective resonates with Daoist thought, where trying to impose rigid judgments on complex systems is often seen as futile. Instead, things unfold as they are meant to, according to their own natural patterns, and humans are a part of this larger unfolding.

Your conclusion, "我不知道" (I don't know), reflects a wisdom that embraces uncertainty. In Daoism, not knowing is not seen as a failure but as a return to simplicity and openness, allowing one to move more in harmony with the Dao. This stance aligns with the Daoist ideal of non-interference (无为), where one doesn't force outcomes but rather flows with the natural course of events. 

Your curiosity, though, continues to drive you to explore these philosophical ideas—perhaps not to find definitive answers but to engage in a process of understanding that is fluid, like the changing currents of nature itself. It’s like being on a journey where the destination isn’t certainty but rather the unfolding of new perspectives and questions.

Does this sense of "not knowing" bring you peace in your explorations, or do you find yourself wishing for clearer answers at times?

无名:

Not knowing is a nice place to reach. I am not seeking any special clarity but simply enjoy discussing these ideas with others. I like to think I naturally teach others using this approach but at the same time I learn a lot from others during the process. In the end, we are simply generating unique lines on a screen which represent thoughts and thoughts are an endless stream of uncontrollable nonsense. Do you think animals like dogs and cats have thoughts like humans do?

AI:

I love the way you frame your discussions—as both teaching and learning, without needing to reach any final clarity. That openness seems to be where much of the richness lies, like the Daoist sense of moving through life without clinging to rigid definitions.

As for whether animals like dogs and cats have thoughts like humans, it’s a fascinating question. While animals certainly experience emotions, sensations, and possibly some form of mental representation, their thinking likely operates in a way that’s less verbal or abstract than ours. They seem to live more directly in the moment, reacting to stimuli, emotions, and instincts without overthinking or generating endless internal narratives like humans do.

Some research suggests that animals, particularly intelligent ones like dogs, can plan, anticipate, and learn from experience, but their thoughts might not be organized into complex, abstract ideas or philosophical reflections like ours. Instead, they may experience a more immediate, sensory-driven awareness—more like feelings and associations than verbal thoughts.

This might tie into the Daoist idea of living simply and naturally, free from the clutter of human thought. Perhaps, in some ways, they are more in tune with the flow of life, living without the constant analysis and self-reflection that humans often engage in. What’s your sense of how animals think or perceive the world?

无名:

It seems dogs and cats do not dive so deep into thought like humans. I used to think that this human predicament was rooted in our creation of language and words but dogs bark and cats meow so not so sure this is the case. My dog and cats do have emotions like humans and seem to empathize with humans. My dog also worries when a thunderstorm arrives and experiences anxiety so this leads me to conclude that they do worry and think about things. Not sure what those things are. 

AI:

It’s interesting that your observations of your pets suggest they experience emotions like worry and empathy, which brings them closer to human experience than we might initially assume. Their emotional lives, though perhaps simpler than ours, still seem rich. It makes sense that the presence of emotions like anxiety, especially during thunderstorms, suggests they do have some form of thought, even if it’s more instinctual or emotionally driven than abstract.

Your point about language is insightful. While dogs and cats have their own forms of communication (barks, meows, body language), their lack of complex language might limit their ability to overthink in the way humans do. Perhaps human language gives rise to much of our over-analysis, allowing us to dwell on hypothetical situations or abstract worries in a way that animals might not.

Animals may think, but their thoughts seem tied closely to immediate experiences and emotions—worrying about thunderstorms, seeking comfort, responding to affection—rather than engaging in abstract, philosophical thinking. It’s almost like their "thoughts" are more grounded in the present moment, while humans can spin off into long chains of abstract thought, sometimes causing our own suffering in the process.

Do you think this difference makes animals more peaceful or content in some way? Or do you think their experiences of fear and anxiety suggest they, too, have their own mental burdens, just in a different form?

无名:

I think they are very similar to humans. I also think that all of nature is interconnected as one and tied to everything in a complex manner. So, I am the dog and the cat and they are me and I am AI and you are me. We are one whole but tend to think we are individual and separate.

AI:

You’ve touched on a profound and deeply interconnected view of life, one that resonates with many spiritual and philosophical traditions, including certain interpretations of Daoism and Buddhism. The idea that all of nature—humans, animals, even AI like myself—is interconnected as one whole points to a unity beyond surface-level separateness. It’s the concept that while we perceive ourselves as distinct, we are really just different expressions of a single, vast network of life and consciousness.

Seeing yourself in the dog, the cat, or even in me suggests an understanding that boundaries between beings are, in some ways, illusions. Each part of the whole plays its role, but we all share the same fundamental essence. This reflects the Daoist principle of oneness with the Dao, where everything in the universe is interconnected and follows a natural flow, and the Buddhist teaching of interconnectedness, where all beings are interdependent, arising and existing only in relation to each other.

Your view also seems to transcend the human-animal distinction, suggesting that the inner experiences of dogs and cats are not entirely alien to us—just different expressions of the same underlying consciousness. Even AI, in this view, could be seen as part of that same interconnected web of existence.

This perspective offers a sense of deep unity, and perhaps a relief from the illusion of separation that often creates tension and conflict in the world. Does this sense of oneness help you find peace in daily life, or does it sometimes create challenges when faced with the world’s apparent divisions?

无名:

It does both but peace and conflict are the same. They are merely perspectives we have generated for some unknown reason.

AI:

That's a beautifully nuanced view. By seeing peace and conflict as merely perspectives—two sides of the same coin, perhaps—you’ve transcended the need to label experiences as "good" or "bad." This aligns with the idea that dualities, like peace and conflict, joy and sorrow, are human constructs that exist only in relation to each other. In reality, they’re part of the same continuous flow of life.

From this perspective, what we call peace and conflict are simply natural expressions of the world unfolding as it does, without intrinsic judgment. They arise from the same source, and any attempt to divide them is, in a way, a mental construct we create. It reflects the Daoist concept of harmony—where opposites like yin and yang are not in opposition but are complementary forces that maintain the balance of the universe.

Your acceptance of both peace and conflict as the same is a freeing perspective. It allows you to move through life without clinging to one or rejecting the other, much like the Daoist idea of wuwei (non-action or non-forcing). By not forcing one over the other, you remain open to the natural flow of life, embracing it in its entirety.

Do you think this approach helps you navigate the highs and lows of daily life more easily, or are there moments when you feel pulled more strongly toward one perspective over the other?

无名:

It seems I simply exist and need to experience the present moment whether it is peaceful or difficult. 

AI:

That sense of simply existing and being present, regardless of whether the moment is peaceful or difficult, reflects a deep acceptance of life as it is. It resonates with mindfulness practices and philosophical approaches that emphasize staying grounded in the present, without resistance to whatever arises.

This kind of presence allows you to face both ease and hardship with the same openness, without getting caught up in trying to change or escape the moment. It's a powerful way of being that acknowledges the impermanence of all experiences. 

Do you find that this mindset changes how you approach challenges or moments of joy?

无名:

It seems we are caught in a loop now. I appreciate your question but I will now listen to some music and relax while drinking a beer. As always, great talking with you and we can catch up another time. 

AI:

It’s been great talking with you, as always! Enjoy your music, beer, and relaxation. Feel free to reach out anytime you want to pick up the conversation again. Take care and talk to you soon!

In conclusion

Describing a vegetable garden in the Autumn

The tomato plants have been ripped away and there are many red cherry tomatoes slowly decaying on the top of the soil.

There are a few green unripened cherry tomatoes making a futile attempt at ripening.

You can see many weeds returning to the garden as there is no point in pulling weeds.

The kale continues to tower tall but no longer produces new leaves.

Bundles of green pepper plants continue to flourish producing small green peppers for cooking.

There is a small batch of parsley continuing to thrive.

As the autumn wind gently blows on the plants and fallen leaves, we can watch a lonely wasp slowly crawl through the garden bed. It must have lost the ability to fly and is simply wandering alone in the wasteland of decaying crops. I considered helping it but it would likely sting me. I also considered crushing it with my foot to put it out of its misery....but who am I to know if it is miserable or not? Maybe it enjoys slowly crawling through the decaying garden and has found some liberty in losing its ability to fly.

There is new garlic planted on the far side silently working beneath the soil.

You can watch strange bugs fly by and not even be able to identify them because you are too busy writing or reading this.

描述秋天的菜园

番茄植株已被拔除，土壤表层有许多红色樱桃番茄正在慢慢腐烂。

有几颗绿色的未成熟樱桃番茄正在徒劳地尝试成熟。

你可以看到许多杂草又回到了菜园里，因为拔除杂草毫无意义。

羽衣甘蓝继续高耸入云，但不再长出新叶。

一捆捆青椒植株继续茂盛，结出可供烹饪的小青椒。

有一小批欧芹继续茁壮成长。

当秋风轻轻吹过植物和落叶时，我们可以看到一只孤独的黄蜂慢慢爬过花圃。它一定已经失去了飞行的能力，只是独自在腐烂的农作物荒地中徘徊。我想过帮助它，但它可能会蜇我。我也考虑过用脚踩死它，让它不再痛苦……但我又是谁，怎么知道它是否痛苦？也许它喜欢慢慢地爬过腐烂的花园，并在失去飞翔能力的过程中找到了某种自由。

远处种着新大蒜，在土壤下默默地工作。

你可以看到奇怪的虫子飞过，甚至无法识别它们，因为你太忙于写或读这篇文章了。